Analysis of ancient and medieval specimens using nondestructive spectroscopic techniques

Orlić, Nada; Jelovica, Ivana; Dobrinić, Julijan; Lofrumento, Cristiana; Salvi, Pier Remigio

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2007.05.137

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that moolooite is described as a degradation product of copper green pigments in artwork. Moolooite has been recently found as a corrosion product in coins …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Copper Pigments Biodegradation in Cultural Heritage: From Malachite to Moolooite, Thermodynamic Modeling, X-ray Fluorescence, and Raman Evidence

et al. 2008

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Moolooite (copper oxalate), a very rare compound, was found as a degradation product from the decay of malachite in several specimens of Cultural Heritage studied. Computer simulations, based on heterogeneous chemical equilibria, support the transformation of malachite to moolooite through the intermediate copper basic sulfates or copper basic chlorides, depending on the presence of available free sulfate or chloride anions in the chemical system. Raman and X-ray fluorescence spectral evidence found during the analysis of the three case studies investigated supported the model predictions. According to the study, the presence of lichens and other microorganisms might be responsible for the decay phenomena. This work tries to highlight the importance of biological attack on specimens belonging to Cultural Heritage and to demonstrate the consequences of oxalic acid, excreted by some of these microorganisms, on the conservation and preservation of artwork.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Copper Pigments Biodegradation in Cultural Heritage: From Malachite to Moolooite, Thermodynamic Modeling, X-ray Fluorescence, and Raman Evidence

et al. 2008

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“…11 The mineral found in all the green areas is a copper oxalate, moolooite (Cu C 2 O 4 Ð n H 2 O n < 1 , showing the strongest Raman bands for the C-O stretching at 1515 cm 1 , the C-C stretching at 920 cm 1 and the Cu-O stretching and ring deformation at 559 cm 1 . 12 Although the presence of this oxalate has been noticed in other artifacts, 13 its use as a pigment is not documented. The ink used, as is usual for copper engraving, was carbon based.…”

Section: Pigment Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micro‐Raman and particle‐induced X‐ray emission spectroscopy for the study of pigments and degradation products present in 17th century coloured maps

Mendes

Lofrumento

Migliori

et al. 2008

J Raman Spectroscopy

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Three different maps of the 17th century, two of them of Portugal and the third of the Iberian Peninsula, all of them hand coloured and of Dutch manufacture (copper engraving), were studied in this work. The study was carried out by using particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and micro-Raman spectroscopy. These are two non-destructive techniques that provide complementary information on the composition of the materials: PIXE giving elemental information and Raman providing information at a molecular level. By means of the two techniques it has been possible to identify the inorganic pigments used in the three maps, as well as some products of degradation whose causes are not completely understood yet. This article contributes to a better knowledge of the techniques and palettes used for the colouring of maps of this period as well as the degradations of the pigments. Particular attention is given to the presence of a copper oxalate found in two different maps, its presence being associated with green coloured areas and indicating a degradation of a copper-based green pigment.

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“…Moreover, Raman and X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) as a combination was widely used on the investigation. Badovinac et al combined non‐invasive micro‐Raman and XRF for a spectral analysis of postage stamps and bank notes from the region of Rijeka in Croatia, and many other papers also have reported the same . Besides, Imperio et al described a 150‐year history of pigment use on Italian postage stamps using Raman and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-destructive identification of pigments printed on six Imperial China Engraved Coiling Dragon stamps

Zhou

Gan

Jinxin

et al. 2015

J. Raman Spectrosc.

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Raman spectroscopy was employed to investigate six Imperial China Engraved Coiling Dragon stamps non‐destructively. The results have shown that (1) the main colors (yellow, green, scarlet, brown, vermilion, and blue) on the six stamps were all prepared from inorganic pigments, including chrome yellow, chrome orange, Prussian blue, red lead, magnesium sulfate hydrate, and ultramarine blue. (2) Raman spectrometer has been allowed for successfully identifying the molecular structure of the pigments printed on the six examined stamps, suggesting that such a dual analytical approach could satisfy the need for pigment identification on stamps. (3) The finding that certain pigments were intentionally mixed to produce a whole different hue or color, the mechanism of which could be explained by theories of chromatology and metamerism, also provides new insight into the future conservation, authentication, and restoration of the early printings. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Analysis of ancient and medieval specimens using nondestructive spectroscopic techniques

Cited by 13 publications

References 4 publications

Green Copper Pigments Biodegradation in Cultural Heritage: From Malachite to Moolooite, Thermodynamic Modeling, X-ray Fluorescence, and Raman Evidence

Green Copper Pigments Biodegradation in Cultural Heritage: From Malachite to Moolooite, Thermodynamic Modeling, X-ray Fluorescence, and Raman Evidence

Micro‐Raman and particle‐induced X‐ray emission spectroscopy for the study of pigments and degradation products present in 17th century coloured maps

Non-destructive identification of pigments printed on six Imperial China Engraved Coiling Dragon stamps

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