Analysis of ion implanted waveguides formed on Nd:YVO4 crystals

Vázquez, G. V.; Sánchez-Morales, M. E.; Márquez, H.; Rickards, J.; Trejo-Luna, R.

doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2004.06.055

Cited by 27 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In comparison, for waveguide 3 the barrier height is about 0.5% with respect to the substrate and the depth of the optical barrier is around 5 µm (see Fig. 2) 5 . Let us remember that for these samples the angle was increased, thus the damage region is wider and closer to the surface and less modes are confined in the waveguide.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

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Study of optical waveguides in Nd:YAG and Nd:YVO 4 crystals

et al. 2006

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Optical waveguides have been produced in Nd:YAG and Nd:YVO 4 crystals by either proton or carbon implantation. The analysis includes refractive index profiles, spectroscopic properties and particularly laser emission characteristics in the YAG guides. Typical optical barrier profiles were obtained when protons were used. In the case of YVO 4 , carbon implantation produced a considerable refractive index variation in the guiding region, increasing the ordinary index and reducing the extraordinary index. The spectroscopic studies show that emission bands coming from the 4 F 3/2 level are not significantly altered by the ion beam process, thus maintaining the crystal quality in the guiding region. The YAG waveguides exhibit good laser emission characteristics at 1 064 nm and high stability in the CW regime.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Previous work reports the use of protons to produce waveguides in various materials [3][4][5] , however, recently the implantation of heavy ions has been studied with great interest due to the usually lower doses needed in comparison with light ions such as protons or helium ions [5][6][7] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of optical waveguides in Nd:YAG and Nd:YVO 4 crystals

et al. 2006

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“…Nd:YVO 4 waveguides have been fabricated by proton, helium, carbon and silicon implantation among different ions [26,35,36]. Implanting light ions generates the typical optical barrier waveguide for both the ordinary and the extraordinary index.…”

Section: Optical Waveguides In Active Crystalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This property has been taken advantage in LiNbO 3 in order to produce a step-index profile for the extraordinary index by implanting carbon ions at 10 different energies [10]. However, it is possible to produce a refractive index increase with a single implant; this is realized by implanting heavy ions such as carbon and silicon at doses of around 10 14 to 10 15 ions/cm 2 [35,36]. In this case, the refractive index profile exhibits an enhanced index well (i.e., the waveguide) and a region of reduced index at the end of the ion trajectory (i.e., the optical barrier).…”

Section: Optical Waveguides In Active Crystalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Optical Waveguides Through Multiple-Energy Ion Implantations

Becerra¹,

Vázquez²,

Medina³

et al. 2017

Ion Implantation - Research and Application

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In this chapter, we present information about the design, fabrication and characterization of optical waveguides obtained by using a protocol of multiple energy ion implantations. This protocol must provide an approach to produce optical waveguides with adequate features, such as dimensions, evanescent field and optical confinement. In general, optical waveguides can be improved by widening the optical barrier or waveguide core through multiple energy ion implantations. Design of optical waveguides must consider effects induced by the ion implantation process, such as modification of substrate density, polarizability and structure. Information will be presented about optical waveguides formed mainly in laser crystals (i.e., Nd:YAG, Nd:YVO 4 ) using light ions such as H and He+ and heavy ions such as C 2 +. In general, these ions decrease the refractive index in the implanted area, producing a barrier that permits guiding in the region near the surface. Furthermore, information about nonlinear optical properties of channel waveguides containing metallic nanoparticles is presented. Composite materials containing metallic nanoparticles embedded in a dielectric matrix such as silica possess interesting properties due to surface plasmon resonance absorption features and the enhancement of the third-order nonlinear optical response. Therefore, nonlinear optical properties in composite waveguides can be used in all-optical switching devices.

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“…These displacements are in turn brought about by ion-atom and ion-ion interactions that modify the lattice structure. This causes a decrease in the physical density and therefore in the refractive index of the crystal at the end of the ion trajectory, generally producing an "optical barrier" of smaller index that that of the bulk [2]. For this method, one has control on the parameters for the formation of the guide and its realization can be at ambient temperature, which cannot be achieved for other methods, such as diffusion, ion exchange, or deposition [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the absorption coefficient by annealing in carbon implanted Nd: YV0₄

Sánchez-Morales

Vázquez

Lifante

et al. 2011

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Abstract. Low loss in optical waveguides is very important in order to achieve high laser efficiency. Waveguide fabrication by ion implantation generates color centers, leading to absorption losses which can be reduced by annealing; however, this process may eliminate the waveguide and hence it is necessary to consider both the optimum annealing time and temperature. This work reports the behavior of the absorption coefficient by successive annealing steps in Nd:YVO 4 implanted with a dose of 5×10 14 ions/cm 2 .

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Analysis of ion implanted waveguides formed on Nd:YVO4 crystals

Cited by 27 publications

References 9 publications

Study of optical waveguides in Nd:YAG and Nd:YVO 4 crystals

Study of optical waveguides in Nd:YAG and Nd:YVO 4 crystals

Development of Optical Waveguides Through Multiple-Energy Ion Implantations

Analysis of the absorption coefficient by annealing in carbon implanted Nd: YV0₄

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Analysis of ion implanted waveguides formed on Nd:YVO4 crystals

Cited by 27 publications

References 9 publications

Study of optical waveguides in Nd:YAG and Nd:YVO 4 crystals

Study of optical waveguides in Nd:YAG and Nd:YVO 4 crystals

Development of Optical Waveguides Through Multiple-Energy Ion Implantations

Analysis of the absorption coefficient by annealing in carbon implanted Nd: YV04

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Analysis of the absorption coefficient by annealing in carbon implanted Nd: YV0₄