Analysis of PAH compounds in soil with on-line coupled pressurised hot water extraction–microporous membrane liquid–liquid extraction–gas chromatography

Kuosmanen, Kati; Hyötyläinen, Tuulia; Hartonen, Kari; Jönsson, Jan Åke; Riekkola, Marja Liisa

doi:10.1007/s00216-002-1685-0

Cited by 40 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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Section: Post-treatment After Subcritical Water Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction is a new technique introduced to replace solid phase extraction, which is subject to poor reproducibility because more sample matrix is extracted and, consequently, the trapping column may become blocked (Kuosmanen et al, 2003). Microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction is used for extracting, cleaning and concentrating aqueous extracts after subcritical water treatment of various biological and environmental samples (Kuosmanen et al, 2003;Hyötyläinen et al, 2001;Shen et al, 1998).…”

Section: Post-treatment After Subcritical Water Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction is used for extracting, cleaning and concentrating aqueous extracts after subcritical water treatment of various biological and environmental samples (Kuosmanen et al, 2003;Hyötyläinen et al, 2001;Shen et al, 1998). The solutes concentrated by this extraction method can be transferred on-line to a GC or HPLC for quantitative and qualitative analyses.…”

Section: Post-treatment After Subcritical Water Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alternative solvent-free or minimal solvent extraction methods have been attractive, including solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction and microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction. Each of these extraction methods can be either separate from or online coupled with the subcritical water apparatus (Li-Hsun et al, 2004;Kuosmanen et al, 2003;Palma et al, 2002).For solid-phase extraction, the aqueous extract can be passed through a cartridge or adsorbent resin, such as alkylor aryl-bonded silica (C18-trap), carbon black, polymeric absorbent (Amberlite XAD) resin, and the anion exchange resin, SAX, and the desired solutes can be eluted from the cartridge or resin by a small volume of solvent. After concentration, the solutes can be analyzed by an appropriate analytical method, such as LC-MS.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Extraction of Functional Substances from Agricultural Products or By-products by Subcritical Water Treatment

Wiboonsirikul

Adachi

2008

FSTR

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Water that maintains its liquid state in the temperature range from 100℃ to 374℃ is called subcritical water, compressed hot water or pressurized hot water. This type of water has unique properties compared to ambient water. One is a low relative dielectric constant and another is a high ion product. Due to these properties, this water can be used to extract functional substances from natural resources. In this article, the application of subcritical water for the extraction of substances from agricultural products or their wastes is reviewed.Keywords: subcritical water, agro-waste, extraction, functional substance *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: adachi@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp IntroductionAgricultural products, such as rosemary, grapes, tea leaves, and grain bran, contain bioactive compounds that can function as health-promoting, antioxidative, and radical scavenging substances. Among them, phenolic substances, catechin, epicatechin, anthraquinones, and essential oils are of interest (Deng et al., 2004;Piñeiro et al., 2004;Ibáñez et al., 2003;Shotipruk et al., 2004). Several approaches have recently been used to recover these substances involving their extraction with organic solvents, such as methanol, ethanol and acetone. However, these techniques are timeconsuming and require a large amount of organic solvents, which are harmful to human health and cause environmental stress. Thus, an alternative method that is the effective, economical, environmentally friendly, safe and fast, is required to alleviate these drawbacks. The most common techniques, which have recently been discussed, include supercritical fl uid extraction (e.g., carbon dioxide), pressurized liquid extraction or accelerated solvent extraction, and subcritical water extraction. Of these techniques, subcritical water extraction using water as the extractant is one of the most interesting methods because water is non-fl ammable, non-toxic, cheap, and environmentally safe. The subcritical water, also called pressurized hot water, compressed hot water or superheated water, is hot water that maintains its liquid state at temperatures between 100℃ and 374℃ (the critical temperature and pressure of water are 374℃ and 22.4 MPa, respectively) under pressurized conditions. When the temperature of water increases, its physicochemical properties, in particular its relative dielectric constant and ion product, change. The ion product of water is the product of the concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. The relative dielectric constant, ε, or polarity of water can signifi cantly decrease with increasing temperature from approximately 80 at 25℃ to 27 at 250℃ (Fig. 1), which is close to that of methanol (ε = 33) and ethanol (ε = 24) at 25℃ (Wagner and Pruß, 2002). Therefore, subcritical water has the ability to recover or dissolve both polar and apolar substances from natural products, such as phenolic, polycyclic aromatic compounds and oils (Deng et al., 2004;García-Marino et al., 2006; MoralesMuños et al., 2002). In addition, the dissoci...

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Section: Post-treatment After Subcritical Water Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Post-treatment After Subcritical Water Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Post-treatment After Subcritical Water Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extraction of Functional Substances from Agricultural Products or By-products by Subcritical Water Treatment

Wiboonsirikul

Adachi

2008

FSTR

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“…Several applications involving on-line coupling of SHWE with GC have been reported (e.g., [20,21]). On-line coupling of SHWE with GC is simpler than coupling of PLE, because the aqueous solubility of the analytes decreases dramatically when the water is cooled to ambient temperature.…”

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confidence: 99%

Modern Methods of Sample Preparation for GC Analysis

Koning¹,

Janssen

Brinkman

2009

Chroma

122

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Today, a wide variety of techniques is available for the preparation of (semi-) solid, liquid and gaseous samples, prior to their instrumental analysis by means of capillary gas chromatography (GC) or, increasingly, comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC 9 GC). In the past two decades, a large number of 'modern' sample-preparation techniques has been introduced, which have partly superseded their 'classical' counterparts. These novel techniques include off-line and on-line (sometimes semi-or fully automated) procedures, and exhaustive extraction as well as equilibrium techniques. In order to improve overall performance, aspects such as essentially organic solvent-less approaches, large-volume injection and miniaturization receive increasing attention. In most recent applications, mass spectrometric or element-selective detection have been used. The present review discusses the advantages and disadvantages, and relative performance, of most of the modern samplepreparation techniques and cites a number of illustrative applications for each of them.

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Membrane Techniques in Analytical Applications: Developments and Recent Advances

Pabby¹,

Sastre²

2009

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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The article first presents an overview of the various membrane‐based systems and their role in analytical applications. This is followed by a systematic review of the various membrane extraction methods used to determine various compounds in different matrices in chemical, environmental, and biological applications. The reviewed methods include supported liquid membrane (SLM) extraction, microporous membrane liquid‐liquid extraction (MMLLE), polymeric membrane extraction (PME), semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs), membrane‐assisted sorbent extraction (MASE), membrane extraction with a sorbent interface (MESI), and membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS). Theory and principles, the possibility of combining membrane extraction methods with methods of final determination, and applications are discussed in detail. Emphasis is placed on the attractiveness of membrane‐based extraction techniques in terms of the challenging parameters and design aspects that must be considered when coupling membrane‐based extraction systems to on‐line or off‐line analytical systems. A section is devoted to familiarize analytical chemists who work with liquid samples with the practical aspects of the reviewed membrane extraction techniques. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the various techniques are discussed.

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Analysis of PAH compounds in soil with on-line coupled pressurised hot water extraction–microporous membrane liquid–liquid extraction–gas chromatography

Cited by 40 publications

References 43 publications

Extraction of Functional Substances from Agricultural Products or By-products by Subcritical Water Treatment

Extraction of Functional Substances from Agricultural Products or By-products by Subcritical Water Treatment

Modern Methods of Sample Preparation for GC Analysis

Membrane Techniques in Analytical Applications: Developments and Recent Advances

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