“…Based on the new developments in improving the transfer distance, a new planar design would be able to charge the devices on desks and tables. To address the poor transfer efficiency defects of a two-coil energy transfer mechanism, as considered in [20,23,59], midrange WPT techniques, such as relay resonators [60,61] (Figure 4a), four coils [15,[62][63][64] (Figure 4b), U coils [65] (Figure 4c), domino coils [56,66] (Figure 4d), array coils [67] (Figure 4e), and dipole coils [68] (Figure 4f) are proposed in previous studies and fused into future planar WPT chargers with increased distances or air gaps. Based on these studies, the transfer distances were 20, 60, 100, 180 (for seven resonator coils), 20, and 500 cm ( [60], [15], [65], [66], [67] and [68], respectively).…”