Analysis of three-dimensionally proliferated sensor architectures for flexible SSA

Optimizing Multi-Spacecraft Cislunar Space Domain Awareness Systems via Hidden-Genes Genetic Algorithm

“…The framework and optimization formulation utilized in this work are very flexible, allowing for example to add new types of observers without changing the formulation. These new optical structures could be Low Lunar Orbits, Lunar Surface Telescopes or even Earth-orbiting observers such as geosynchronous orbits [14] or Highly Eccentric Orbit (HEO) [5] which have been proven to be particularly useful for cislunar trajectory monitoring. It is also possible to change the grid of targets, creating denser areas in potential congestion points or along the most likely trajectories for lunar transfer orbits.…”

“…Several previous studies proposed approaches for studying architectures tasked for cislunar SDA. While earlier works have concentrated on the coverage of the lunar surface [3], the past few years saw a rapid growth in the number of works focusing on detecting, tracking, and maintaining custody of both cooperative and non-cooperative assets in the cislunar region [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. The vastness of the cislunar space necessitates the use of orbits that extend beyond the region between LEO and GEO, where traditional surveillance and tracking architectures currently reside.…”

“…For example, Vendl and Holzinger [10] considered a trapezoidal region of interest lying in the Earth-Moon orbital plane, extending from GEO to the far side of the Moon, in this case, the authors have considered the use of LPO families in the vicinity of L1 and L2. An even larger area of interest is considered in the works of Cunio et al [5], Bolden et al [6] and Frueh et al [9], where the entire region engulfed by the orbit of the Moon is to be monitored. In this case, Earth-Moon resonant orbits are promising candidates as their tracks span over large volumes of the cislunar space.…”