“…These cells exhibit a wide and rich set of shapes in various physical environments. Effective mathematical models, seconded by the use of accurate numerical methodologies, are needed to study, in particular, the equilibrium shapes of RBCs.A wide variety of models were developed to describe the deformation of RBCs, for example, [4,5,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Because of the incompressibility, the main mode of the deformation of vesicles is bending, and the bending energy describes the cell shapes.…”