Analytical Modeling and Analysis of Through Silicon Vias (Tsvs) in High Speed Three-Dimensional System Integration

Abstract

This paper gives a comprehensive study on the modeling and design challenges of Through Silicon Vias (TSVs) in high speed three-dimensional (3D) system integration. To investigate the propagation characteristics incurred by operations within the ultra-broad band frequency range, we propose an equivalent circuit model which accounts for rough sidewall effect and high frequency effect. A closed-form expression for TSV metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) capacitance in both depletion and accumulation regions is proposed. The coupling of TSV arrays and near and far field effect on crosstalk analysis are performed using 3D ElectroMagnetic (EM) field solver. Based on the TSV circuit model, we optimize the TSVs' architecture and manufacturing process parameters and develop effective design guidelines for TSVs, which could be used to resolve the signal integrity issues arising at high frequency data transmission in 3D Integrated Circuits (ICs).

1,3,5-Triazine-Cored Maltoside Amphiphiles for Membrane Protein Extraction and Stabilization

“…This study varied both the alkyl chain linkage (ether/thioether) and linker identity (serinol/ DEA), allowing us to investigate the effects of these structural differences on membrane protein stability in detail. In previous studies, an ether linkage has been compared with an alkyl linkage, 14,16,42 but it is unusual to compare the thioether linkage with another (ether or alkyl) in the context of novel detergent structure. Due to the high hydrophobicity of the sulfur atom (vs oxygen) and relatively long C-S bond (vs C-O), the thioether linkage-bearing detergents gave lower CMCs and larger micelle sizes than the ether counterparts, respectively (Table 1).…”

“…In addition, the variations in alkyl chain linkage (ether/thioether) and alkyl chain length (C7/C8/C9/C10/C11) introduced here influence the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) essential for detergent efficacy for protein extraction and stabilization. 12,27 Of note, the thioether linkage used for the TSM/TEM-Ts is rarely exploited in novel detergent design although some studies showed that thioether-bearing detergents [e.g., n-octyl-β-D-thioglucoside (OTG)] are superior to the ether analog (OG) in membrane protein solubilization and stabilization. 28 The new agents are efficiently prepared by four high-yielding synthetic steps: 1) dialkylation, 2) coupling to an amine-functionalized diol linker (serinol/DEA), 3) AgOTfpromoted glycosylation and 4) global deprotection of multiple benzoyl groups (Scheme 1).…”

“…However, these novel systems are not often amenable to protein extraction and, more importantly, are broadly unsuitable to protein crystallization with a few exceptions (e.g., SMA). 7e As an alternative strategy, small amphiphilic molecules have been devised with representatives including neopentyl glycol (NG) amphiphiles [glucose/maltose neopentylglycols (GNGs/MNGs) and neopentyl glycol triglucosides (NDTs)], 9 hemifluorinated surfactants (HFSs), 10 facial amphiphiles (FAs), 11 tripod amphiphiles (TPAs), 12 mannitolbased amphiphiles (MNAs), 13 xylene or mesitylene-linked amphiphiles (XMAs/MGAs), 14 pentasaccharide-bearing amphiphiles (PSEs), 15 achiral/chiral amphiphiles [butane-tetraolbased maltosides (BTMs) and norbornane ring-based maltosides (NBMs)], 16 and dendronic group-containing trimaltoside amphiphiles (DTMs). 17 Among these novel detergents, GNG-3 (commercial name: OGNG; Fig.…”