Anatomical Variations of the Blood Vascular System in Veterinary Medicine: The Internal Iliac Artery of the Dog - Part Three

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyse and describe the variability of the umbilical artery. Two hundred and thirty-two pelvic halves from 116 adult dogs were examined. To study the permeability of the umbilical artery, ten adult dogs, nine newborns and thirteen foetuses between 35 and 50 days of gestation were also used. In relation to the origin of the umbilical artery, six anatomical variations were found. From which five involved a cranial (n = 4) or caudal (n = 1) relocation of its origin, and in one case (n = 1), the umbilical artery arose from the median sacral artery. In eight cases, the umbilical artery gave off the prostatic (n = 1) or vaginal (n = 7) arteries. The permeability of the umbilical artery was the most significant anatomical variation: permeability was detected in 45% (106 of 232 pelvic halves) of all cases, from which 36 were males and 70 females. Interestingly, an equal vascular permeability in both hemipelvises was found for 82% of the dogs, thus additional data related to such feature of the umbilical artery was also recorded. In accordance with the statistical study, the main anatomical variations described showed significant values for gender, side of the body, size and profile variables.

Ramification Pattern of the Arteries Supplying the Rabbit Female Genital Organs

“…Consequently, the vaginal artery has a separate origin from the internal iliac artery. As the umbilical artery almost completely regresses in the dog (Schummer et al, ; Barone, ; Avedillo et al, ) and horse (Schummer et al, ; Barone, ), the uterine artery in the dog becomes one branch originating from the vaginal artery that emerges from the internal pudendal artery (Schummer et al, ; Barone, ; Avedillo et al, ), whereas the uterine artery in the horse emerges from the external iliac artery and the vaginal artery arises from the internal pudendal artery (Schummer et al, ; Barone, ). Therefore, the umbilical artery during the developmental process may play a key role in forming the pattern of the branching of the uterine and vaginal arteries.…”

Anatomical Variations of the Blood Vascular System in Veterinary Medicine. The Internal Iliac Artery of the Dog. Part Two

“…Another interesting variation found in our study is related to the absence of the ventral perineal artery arising from the IPA (Fig. d–i; Table , types 7.4–7.9); in such cases, the tissue normally supplied by this artery is perfused by the dorsal perineal artery but also and mainly by a ‘perineal trunk’ coming from the CGA (Avedillo et al., ). Such a perineal trunk was present in more than 40% of the analysed samples, and it shows two modalities of branching; in some cases, it sends out a proximal and a distal branch, which are the dorsal and ventral perineal arteries respectively, and in other cases, it gives off a variable number of small vessels.…”

“…Anatomical variations of the CGA, which is the parietal branch of the IIA, have previously been studied (Avedillo et al., ). The IPA, which is the small visceral branch of the IIA, supplies part of the urogenital and digestive systems and is the aim of the present discussion.…”

“…A detailed description of the procedure used for the present work is referred in Part 1 (Avedillo et al., ). This study describes the variations of the IPA branches.…”

“…Anatomical variations of the blood vascular system (AVBVS) are considered as modification of the vessels when compared to an established pattern (Avedillo et al., ). Such modifications, which in the present work refer exclusively to arteries, can affect vessels, particularly their size, origin, course and relationship, topography, branching and termination (Dubreuil‐Chambardel, ; Testut and Latarjet, ).…”