Anesthetic induction and recovery of Hippocampus reidi exposed to the essential oil of Lippia alba

Abstract

The aim of this study was to identify the times of anesthetic induction and recovery in slender seahorses (Hippocampus reidi) that were exposed to the essential oil of Lippia alba (EO), as well as the efficacy of EO as a stress-reducing agent in the transport of this species. Slender seahorses were placed in 1-L aquaria containing different concentrations of EO (0, 10, 20, 50, 150, ), and after induction, fish were transferred to aquaria that were free of anesthetic to evaluate their recovery time. In an additional experiment, slender seahorses were transported in plastic bags with 15 μL L -1 of EO for 4 or 24 h. The increased concentration of EO proportionally decreased the time required for the induction of anesthesia. EO treatment (15 μL L -1 ) inhibited the increase in blood glucose levels that was provoked by transportation for 4 or 24 h. Transportation for 24 h also decreased the number of lymphocytes and increased the neutrophil count, and these effects were avoided with the addition of EO to the water. These results demonstrate that EO was effective as an anesthetic at concentrations of 10-20 μL L -1 for slight sedation and transport and at 150 μL L -1 for deep anesthesia in the slender seahorse.O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os tempos da indução e recuperação anestésica em cavalos marinhos (Hippocampus reidi) expostos ao óleo essencial de Lippia alba (OE), assim como a eficácia do OE como um agente redutor de estresse no transporte desta espécie. Os cavalos marinhos foram colocados em aquários contendo 1 litro de água e diferentes concentrações de OE (0, 10, 20, 50, 150, 300 e 450 μL L -1 ), após a indução, os peixes foram transferidos à aquários livre de anestésico para avaliar o tempo de recuperação. Em um outro experimento os cavalos marinhos foram transportados em sacos plásticos contendo 15 μL L -1 do OE por 4 ou 24h. A concentração crescente do OE diminuiu proporcionalmente o tempo exigido para a indução da anestesia. O óleo essencial (15 μL L -1 ) inibiu o aumento nos níveis de glicose sanguínea provocada pelo transporte por 4 ou 24 h. O transporte por 24 h igualmente diminuiu o número de linfócitos e aumentou o número de neutrófilos, estas alterações foram evitadas com o uso do OE na água. Estes resultados demonstram que no cavalo marinho o OE é eficaz para a sedação e transporte na faixa de 10-20 μL L -1 e para a anestesia profunda recomenda-se 150 μL L -1 .

Essential oils from Citrus x aurantium and Citrus x latifolia (Rutaceae) have anesthetic activity and are effective in reducing ion loss in silver catfish ( Rhamdia quelen )

“…Several studies have examined the effect of natural products with anesthetic properties, such as plant extracts and EOs, that coupled with their antioxidant properties are a promising alternative to traditional synthetic drugs (Guénette et al, 2007;Becker et al, 2012;Zeppenfeld et al, 2014) and can help to minimize stress effects (Azambuja et al, 2011;Toni et al, 2014;Becker et al, 2016). In addition, EOs have been recommended for fish anesthesia due to their low costs, easy accessibility, efficacy and environmental safety (Iversen et al, 2003;Cunha et al, 2011;Pedrazzani et al, 2016).…”

Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824), submitted to a stressful condition: effect of dietary addition of the essential oil of Lippia alba on metabolism, osmoregulation and endocrinology

“…In Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard 1824), the essential oil of L. alba (EOLA) is an effective anesthetic (Cunha et al, 2010) and sedative for transport (Azambuja et al, 2011;Becker et al, 2012), can delay lipid peroxidation (LPO) during frozen storage of fillets (Veeck et al, 2013) and decreases LPO and increases tissue antioxidant response when added to the diet (Saccol et al, 2013). The EOLA is also an effective anesthetic for the sea horse (Hippocampus reidi) (Cunha et al, 2011).…”

The essential oil from Lippia alba induces biochemical stress in the silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) after transportation

“…Variations in the water parameters, such as ammonia and carbon dioxide levels, can provoke stress that could be minimized, at least in some species, through the addition of either sedatives or anesthetics in the transport water (Azambuja et al, 2011;Cunha et al, 2011;Becker et al, 2012). The essential oil (EO) from Lippia alba (Mill.)…”

“…N.E. Brown (Verbenaceae) is a novel anesthetic whose action has been established for the silver catfish Rhamdia quelen (Cunha et al, 2010;Heldwein et al, 2012), and the slender seahorse Hippocampus reidi (Cunha et al, 2011).When this oil was added to the transport water, the redox state (Azambuja et al, 2011) and ionoregulation (Becker et al, 2012) were improved, and lipid oxidation was delayed in the fillets of silver catfish (Veeck et al, 2013). However, an increased ventilation rate was observed during the 30 min of transport (Becker et al, 2012).…”