Animals Used in Experimental Pharmacology and 3 Rs

Abstract

Drugs, vital weapons in healthcare, are only used in therapeutics after being tested in the lab. In both animals and humans, the roles of cells and organs are essentially the same. Many of the functions of animal cells are similar to those of human cells. Humans are classified as animals biologically. Animals are used to study how diseases impact living tissue, develop and test interventions, including animal medications, and educate future scientists and health-care practitioners. Animals have also played an important role in the advancement of research; several new drug discoveries have been made possible thanks to animal testing. Animal experimentation has its drawbacks, which include animal procurement, the complexity of conducting animal experiments, stringent rules, ethical considerations, and, more often than not, the interests of students. That is why, in today's world, other approaches and emerging technology, such as computer simulations, are increasingly replacing animal use. The article reveals animals used in experimental pharmacology. Alternatives for using animals in pharmacology education, on the other hand, have been suggested.

Evaluation of Pharmacokinetic Feasibility of Febuxostat/L-pyroglutamic Acid Cocrystals in Rats and Mice

“…Furthermore, rats and mice have been widely employed in the field of pharmacokinetics as representative models due to their convenience (i.e., small body size and ease of maintenance), physiological resemblance to humans, and abundant genetic resources [ 53 ]. Rat models have traditionally been used due to the advantage of allowing multiple blood sampling, which facilitates the calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters [ 54 ]. Mouse models have gained attention as appealing alternatives for the following reasons: (1) smaller amounts of compounds are sufficient for pharmacokinetic studies, (2) various disease models have been developed using mice, and/or (3) mice are invaluable for animal-scale up studies [ 53 , 55 , 56 ].…”

The values of wildlife revisited

“…Wildlife products are also found in luxury markets across the world, often procured through illegal market chains; rhinoceros horns are used by Vietnamese businessmen as a signal of their social status (Truong et al 2016), and reptile skins are used in the fashion industry in the USA (Sosnowski and Petrossian 2020). Living animals are increasingly valued in local, national, and international economies for animal testing in the biomedicine sector (Sivakrishnan and Anbiah 2021), pet trade (Siriwat and Nijman 2018, Altherr and Lameter 2020, Mandimbihasina et al 2020, and as a niche market in the tourism industry (Mbaiwa 2017). Chardonnet et al (2002) published a paper titled "The Values of Wildlife" that was instrumental in highlighting the economic, ecological, and socio-cultural importance of wildlife.…”