Anisotropy in the compressive mechanical properties of bovine cortical bone and the mineral and protein constituents

Structure and mechanical properties of selected protective systems in marine organisms

“…Non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ), where 4-6% of the phosphate groups are replaced by carbonate groups [52], constitutes the biomineral phase of bone, teeth and most fish scales [13,[53][54][55][56]. Given its presence in the bones and teeth of humans, it has garnered a significant amount of research in the biomedical field, producing a number of bioinspired designs with a focus on biomedical materials and implants [9,[57][58][59][60][61].…”

Potential Bone Replacement Materials Prepared by Two Methods

“…In its natural hydrated state, cortical bone has a compressive strength (σ) of 110 -150 MPa, and Young's modulus (E) of 18 -22 GPa [3], while cancellous bone has a compressive strength and Young's modulus of 2 -6 MPa and 0.1 -0.3 GPa, respectively [4]. Bone is a uniquely complex composite relying on the interplay of each hierarchical level to achieve its strength, toughness and low density.…”

“…Cortical bone is a dense (~ 2.0 g/cm 3 ) collection of cylindrical lamellar sheets composed of aligned, mineralized collagen fibers (osteons) surrounding vascular channels (Haversian canals) necessary for blood flow. Cancellous bone, on the other hand, is a highly porous open cell, foam-like material with high surface area and low density (0.2 -0.5 g/cm 3 ) composed of lamellar sheets of mineralized collagen fibers. Unlike cortical bone, cancellous bone contains flat lamellae rather than cylindrical osteons [2].…”

Biomimetic Materials by Freeze Casting

“…3a), which consist of dense (5-10% porosity) concentrically oriented lamellar sheets that surround small vascular channels and lacuna spaces $10-50 lm in diameter. 31,92 Cancellous bone (Fig. 3b), on the other hand, is highly porous (75-85% porosity) and consists of trabecular struts that surround large pores $100-500 lm in diameter.…”

“…99 Similarly, the compressive strength and stiffness of cortical bone (as reported for mature bovine femur bone in the longitudinal direction) decreases from $120 MPa and $22 GPa, respectively, to $24 MPa and $9 GPa when the organic matrix is removed by deproteinization. 92 Therefore, it is no wonder several research groups focus on freeze casting and subsequent polymer infiltration to fabricate hybrid inorganic-organic composites. [19][20][21][22][29][30][31]37,38 …”