Antenna-coupled silicon-organic hybrid integrated photonic crystal modulator for broadband electromagnetic wave detection

Zhang, Xingyu; Hosseini, Amir; Subbaraman, Harish; Wang, Shiyi; Zhan, Qiwen; Luo, Jingdong; Jen, Alex K.‐Y.; Chung, Chi-Jui; Yan, Hai; Pan, Zeyu; Nelson, Robert L.; Lee, Charles Y.-C.; Chen, Ray T.

doi:10.1117/12.2076534

Cited by 6 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Recently, a bowtie antenna coupled plasmonic electromagnetic wave sensor is theoretically proposed [39] and then experimentally demonstrated on a SOI substrate [40,41]; however, the silicon substrate introduces high RF loss and weaken its electric field enhancement ability. Making the device on a silicon-on-glass substrate or a silicon-on-sapphire substrate and then using our optimized bowtie antenna in this work can provide a solution to address this problem and thus improve the sensitivity of the device.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Making the device on a silicon-on-glass substrate or a silicon-on-sapphire substrate and then using our optimized bowtie antenna in this work can provide a solution to address this problem and thus improve the sensitivity of the device. In addition to photonic electromagnetic wave sensing, this bowtie antenna has a various other potential applications, such as microwave radars, nano-antenna arrays, plasmonic sensing and Terahertz-wave detection [39]. Besides, this type of bowtie antennas can be fabricated by inkjet printing techniques in solid or contour forms [20,42] on flexible substrates [20,43], which is compatible with roll-to-roll manufacturing processes [44,45].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Integrated Broadband Bowtie Antenna on Transparent Silica Substrate

Zhang

Chung

Wang

et al. 2016

Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett.

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Abstract-The bowtie antenna is a topic of growing interest in recent years. In this paper, we design, fabricate, and characterize a modified gold bowtie antenna integrated on a transparent silica substrate. The bowtie antenna is designed with broad RF bandwidth to cover the X-band in the electromagnetic spectrum. We numerically investigate the antenna characteristics, specifically its resonant frequency and enhancement factor. Our designed bowtie antenna provides a strong broadband electric field enhancement in its feed gap. Taking advantage of the low-k silica substrate, high enhancement factor can be achieved without the unwanted reflection and scattering from the backside silicon handle which is the issue of using an SOI substrate. We simulate the dependence of resonance frequency on bowtie geometry, and verify the simulation results through experimental investigation, by fabricating different sets of bowtie antennas on silica substrates and then measuring their resonance frequencies. In addition, the farfield radiation pattern of the bowtie antenna is measured, and it shows dipole-like characteristics with large beam width. Such a broadband antenna will be useful for a myriad of applications, ranging from photonic electromagnetic wave sensing to wireless communications.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Broadband Bowtie Antenna on Transparent Silica Substrate

Zhang

Chung

Wang

et al. 2016

Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett.

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“… 19 , 20 The small footprint in combination with highest speed, makes the plasmonic technology an ideal candidate for the realization of MMW and THz electro-optic devices. 21 , 22 …”

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confidence: 99%

Direct Conversion of Free Space Millimeter Waves to Optical Domain by Plasmonic Modulator Antenna

et al. 2015

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A scheme for the direct conversion of millimeter and THz waves to optical signals is introduced. The compact device consists of a plasmonic phase modulator that is seamlessly cointegrated with an antenna. Neither high-speed electronics nor electronic amplification is required to drive the modulator. A built-in enhancement of the electric field by a factor of 35 000 enables the direct conversion of millimeter-wave signals to the optical domain. This high enhancement is obtained via a resonant antenna that is directly coupled to an optical field by means of a plasmonic modulator. The suggested concept provides a simple and cost-efficient alternative solution to conventional schemes where millimeter-wave signals are first converted to the electrical domain before being up-converted to the optical domain.

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“…In addition, the silicon layer is selectively doped for high frequency operation [25], and modulation response up to 43GHz is measured, with a 3-dB bandwidth of 11GHz is experimentally demonstrated [26]. The sensor is experimentally demonstrated with a minimum detectable electromagnetic power density of (a) (b) (c) (d) 8.4mW/m 2 at 8.4GHz, corresponding to a minimum detectable electric field of 2.5V/m [7]. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first silicon-polymer hybrid device and also the first PCW device used for the photonic sensing of electromagnetic waves.…”

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confidence: 99%

Design of a plasmonic-organic hybrid slot waveguide integrated with a bowtie-antenna for terahertz wave detection

et al. 2016

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Electromagnetic (EM) wave detection over a large spectrum has recently attracted significant amount of attention. Traditional electronic EM wave sensors use large metallic probes which distort the field to be measured and also have strict limitations on the detectable RF bandwidth. To address these problems, integrated photonic EM wave sensors have been developed to provide high sensitivity and broad bandwidth. Previously we demonstrated a compact, broadband, and sensitive integrated photonic EM wave sensor, consisting of an organic electro-optic (EO) polymer refilled silicon slot photonic crystal waveguide (PCW) modulator integrated with a gold bowtie antenna, to detect the X band of the electromagnetic spectrum. However, due to the relative large RC constant of the silicon PCW, such EM wave sensors can only work up to tens of GHz. In this work, we present a detailed design and discussion of a new generation of EM wave sensors based on EO polymer refilled plasmonic slot waveguides in conjunction with bowtie antennas to cover a wider electromagnetic spectrum from 1 GHz up to 10THz, including the range of microwave, millimeter wave and even terahertz waves. This antennacoupled plasmonic-organic hybrid (POH) structure is designed to provide an ultra-small RC constant, a large overlap between plasmonic mode and RF field, and strong electric field enhancement, as well as negligible field perturbation. A taper is designed to bridge silicon strip waveguide to plasmonic slot waveguide. Simulation results show that our device can have an EM wave sensing ability up to 10 THz. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first POH device for photonic terahertz wave detection.The detection and measurement of electromagnetic fields over a large spectrum have attracted significant amounts of attention in recent years. Traditional electronic electromagnetic field sensors [1, 2] use large active conductive probes which perturb the field to be measured. This also makes the devices bulky with strict limitation on RF bandwidth. In order to address these problems, integrated photonic electromagnetic field sensors [3-6] have been developed, in which an optical signal is modulated by an electric field collected by a miniaturized antenna. In our recent work [7], we have designed, fabricated and experimentally demonstrated a compact, broadband and highly sensitive integrated photonic electromagnetic field sensor to cover the X band of the electromagnetic spectrum (8-12GHz). This photonic electromagnetic field sensor consists of an electro-optic (EO) polymer refilled slot photonic crystal waveguide (PCW) optical modulator coupled with a gold bowtie antenna, as shown in Figs.1 (a) and (b). The frequency was targeted around 10GHz which is the central frequency of X band. However, due to the intrinsic limitation of silicon photonic crystal waveguide based structure with relative large RC time constants, such RF sensors can only go up to tens of GHz. To overcome this limitation, our group first proposed the idea of using EO polymer refilled pl...

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Antenna-coupled silicon-organic hybrid integrated photonic crystal modulator for broadband electromagnetic wave detection

Cited by 6 publications

References 64 publications

Integrated Broadband Bowtie Antenna on Transparent Silica Substrate

Integrated Broadband Bowtie Antenna on Transparent Silica Substrate

Direct Conversion of Free Space Millimeter Waves to Optical Domain by Plasmonic Modulator Antenna

Design of a plasmonic-organic hybrid slot waveguide integrated with a bowtie-antenna for terahertz wave detection

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