Anthocyanin accumulation in apple skin during ripening: Regulation by ethylene and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase

Fruit quality in ‘Cripp's Pink’ apple, especially colour, as affected by preharvest sprays of aminoethoxyvinylglycine and ethephon

“…It is also likely that, ethylene released from ethephon stimulated the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), a key enzyme in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway (Faragher and Brohier, 1984;Lister et al, 1996). Ethephon has been previously reported to increase the activity of PAL in the skin of 'Starking Delicious' (Larrigaudiere et al, 1996) and 'Fuji' apples (Li et al, 2002).…”

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, flavanone 3β-hydroxylase and flavonol synthase enzyme activity by a new in vitro assay method in berry fruits

“…PAL activity has been assayed in grapes (Hrazdina, Parsons, & Mattick, 1984), apple (Faragher & Brohier, 1984), melon (Diallinas & Kanellis, 1994), sweet cherry (Wiersman & Wu, 1998) and strawberry (Cheng & Breen, 1991). FLS has been extracted from Matthiola incana (Spribille & Forkmann, 1984), Petunia hybrida (Forkmann, de Vlaming, Spribille, Wiering, & Schramm, 1986) (Forkmann, 1991), Citrus unshiu (Moriguchi et al, 2002), grapes (Mattivi, Raffaele, Vrhovsek, Stefanini, & Velasco, 2006) and bilberry (Jaakola et al, 2002).…”

The Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Gene Family in Raspberry. Structure, Expression, and Evolution

“…Changes in PAL activity have been described for ripening fruits of grape (Hrazdina et al, 1984), apple (Malus pumila; Faragher and Brohier, 1984), and strawberry (Given et al, 1988b;Cheng and Breen, 1991), whereas PAL gene expression has been profiled in ripening fruits of melon (Cucumis melo; Diallinas and Kanellis, 1994) and sweet cherry (Prunus arium; Wiersma and Wu, 1998). In strawberry, it is noteworthy that two peaks of PAL activity have been reported, one in green fruits and a second in nearly ripe fruits (Cheng and Breen, 1991), but whether this represents different PAL gene products is not known.…”