Anti-Cancer Effects of Xanthones from Pericarps of Mangosteen

Abstract

Mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana Linn, is a tree found in South East Asia, and its pericarps have been used as traditional medicine. Phytochemical studies have shown that they contain a variety of secondary metabolites, such as oxygenated and prenylated xanthones. Recent studies revealed that these xanthones exhibited a variety of biological activities containing anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-cancer effects. We previously investigated the anti-proliferative effects of four prenylated xanthones from the pericarps; α-mangostin, β-mangostin, γ-mangostin, and methoxy-β-mangostin in various human cancer cells. These xanthones are different in the number of hydroxyl and methoxy groups. Except for methoxy-β-mangostin, the other three xanthones strongly inhibited cell growth at low concentrations from 5 to 20 μM in human colon cancer DLD-1 cells. Our recent study focused on the mechanism of α-mangostin-induced growth inhibition in DLD-1 cells. It was shown that the anti-proliferative effects of the xanthones were associated with cell-cycle arrest by affecting the expression of cyclins, cdc2, and p27; G1 arrest by α-mangostin and β-mangostin, and S arrest by γ-mangostin. α-Mangostin found to induce apoptosis through the activation of intrinsic pathway following the down-regulation of signaling cascades involving MAP kinases and the serine/threonine kinase Akt. Synergistic effects by the combined treatment of α-mangostin and anti-cancer drug 5-FU was to be noted. α-Mangostin was found to have a cancer preventive effect in rat carcinogenesis bioassay and the extract from pericarps, which contains mainly α-mangostin and γ-mangostin, exhibited an enhancement of NK cell activity in a mouse model. These findings could provide a relevant basis for the development of xanthones as an agent for cancer prevention and the combination therapy with anti-cancer drugs.

Apoptosis-mediated antiproliferative activity of friedolanostane triterpenoid isolated from the leaves of Garcinia celebica against MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines

“…This compound has not been reported previously in connection with its cytotoxicity in these cancer cell lines. Through investigating the anticancer activities of Garcinia plants, numerous studies have focused on xanthone derivatives, which are the main compounds of any Garcinia species (14)(15)(16). These findings will thus be valuable supporting information for revealing the efficacy of Garcinia species as a potential anticancer source.…”

Evaluation of antimicrobial and antitumoral activity of Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen) grown in Southeast Brazil

“…Especially considering the antitumoral activity, this fruit can have a major role in the anticancer therapy 11,22 .…”

CHARACTERIZATION, ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF MANGOSTEEN (Garcinia Mangostana L.) PERICARP NANOSIZED EXTRACT

“…Inhibition Index= total inhibition zone -disc diameter disc diameter (1) Antioxidant assay 14, 15 The antioxidant assay used DPPH scavenging method. Each fraction was dissolved into ethanol with a concentration of 50 ppm stock solution and was then diluted into 25, 12.5, 6.25, and 3.12 ppm.…”

“…Mangosteen pericarp has been used as traditional medicine to heal several diseases such as flu, cystitis, diarrhea, dysentery, eczema, fever, pruritus, gut and skin disease 1 . Extract and the isolated compound from mangosteen pericarp was reported to have varried phamarcologic activities such as antibacterial and antioxidant 2 .…”