Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Prinsepia utilis Royle Leaf and Seed Extracts

Abstract

Our study was designed to screen the antibacterial potency of Princepia utilis leaf and seed extract and to measure their antioxidant effects, total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and total carbohydrate content. Collected samples were extracted by cold maceration. Hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and distilled water were used as extraction solvents. In the disc diffusion method, P. utilis ethyl acetate leaf extract was most prominent against Staphylococcus epidermis with a zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 13.83 mm. Similarly, methanolic leaf extract was most prominent against Staphylococcus aureus (ZOI-12.33 mm). Furthermore, the methanolic seed extract was most sensitive against Klebsiella pneumoniaee (ZOI-11.66 mm) Escherichia coli (ZOI-9.0 mm). The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 0.5 mg/mL and 0.6 mg/mL, respectively, were shown by ethyl acetate leaf extract against S. epidermis. Similarly, the highest values of MIC and MBC, i.e., 20.8 mg/mL and 33.3 mg/mL, respectively, were shown by hexane leaf extract against S. epidermidis. On the other hand, evaluation of antioxidant capacity revealed that ethyl acetate leaf extract showed the maximum antioxidant effect (IC50: 66.69 μg/mL). The total flavonoid contents of different extracts were measured in the range of 37 ± 0.74 μg QE/mg dry extract weight (methanolic seed extract) to 321.84 ± 4.82 μg QE/mg dry extract weight (hexane seed extract). Likewise, the total polyphenol content ranged from the hexane leaf extract (17.33 ± 0.642 μg GAE/mg dry extract weight) to ethyl acetate leaf extract (62.56 ± 1.284 μg GAE/mg dry extract weight). We found a variation in total carbohydrate content in the range of 23.55 ± 1.125 μg glucose/mg dry extract weight (hexane leaf extract) to 96.63 ± 2.253 μg glucose/mg dry extract weight (aqueous leaf extract). Overall, this study revealed that leaf and seed extract of P. utilis exhibited noteworthy antibacterial effects against diverse pathogenic microorganisms.

Physicochemical and antioxidant characterization of commercially available honey sample from Addis Ababa market, Ethiopia

“…In this study, different concentrations of gallic acid (0.02 m g/mL, 0.04 m g/mL, 0.06 m g/mL, 0.08 m g/mL, and 0.1 m g/mL) were prepared by serial dilution technique to produce a calibration curve. All the measurements were evaluated in triplicate [ 26 ]. The total phenol content was reported as mean ± standard error and expressed as milligrams of gallic acid equivalent (GE) in 100 g of honey.…”

Terpenoids and Bio-Functions of Essential Oils Hydrodistilled Differently from Freshly Immature and Mature Blumea balsamifera Leaves

“…Tis property probably enables it to penetrate through the outer membrane of bacteria [41]. Gram-negative bacteria are generally more resistant to EOs than Gram-positive ones, which is mainly because the outer layer of Gram-negative bacteria comprises lipopolysaccharides, which restrict the difusion of hydrophobic compounds through the lipopolysaccharide covering [42].…”

Physicochemical evaluation of Prinsepia utilis seed oil (PUSO) and its utilization as a base in pharmaceutical soap formulation

“…The ever-increasing demand of consumers to use cleansing agents has prompted researchers to innovate different types of soap products in terms of quality, quantity, and function (Antonić et al, 2020;Widyaningsih et al, 2018). high altitude of 1800-3000 m in central and western districts of Nepal, such as Makawanpur, Myagdi, Kalikot, Humla, Jumla, Mugu, Dadeldhura, and Jajarokot (Bagale et al, 2022;Bhattarai et al, 1992;Kewlani et al, 2022aKewlani et al, , 2022bKunwar and Duwadi, 2003;Manandhar, 1986Manandhar, , 1995Watanabe et al, 2013). Different parts of this plant have been used traditionally, mainly for food and medicinal purposes, by the people of Nepal, India, and China (Gupta et al, 2015;Guan et al, 2014;Manandhar, 1986).…”

“…The indigenous population of Nepal have traditionally considered the seeds of this plant as a nutritional food material and a useful source of oil extraction (Bagale et al, 2022;Bhattarai et al, 1992;Kewlani et al, 2022b) The most relevant part of the plant is its seeds, which contain about 37.2% fat and its oil is used as a vegetable oil as well as massage oil for rheumatism, headache, acne, and boils. The seed oil is a very useful natural emollient for cracked feet and hands in the winter season.…”

“…The people of the Jumla district of Nepal use seed oil residue to cure eczema or ringworm as well as to wash clothes (Watanabe et al, 2013). The seed oil is considered as a suitable source of hydrogenation and soap formulation (Bagale et al, 2022;Kewlani et al, 2022b;Maikhuri et al, 1994). Warm seed oil is reported as an effective therapy to treat body ache caused by heavy physical load (Manandhar, 1995;Zheng et al, 2022).…”