Antibacterial and Antiparasitic Activity of Propyl-Propane-Thiosulfinate (PTS) and Propyl-Propane-Thiosulfonate (PTSO) from Allium cepa against Gilthead Sea Bream Pathogens in In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Abstract

The use of phytogenic extracts is considered a sustainable strategy for the prevention of fish diseases, including Alliaceae as a potential option due to their variety of bioactive compounds. In this study, we analyzed the antibacterial and antiparasitic potential of propyl-propane-thiosulfinate (PTS) and propyl-propane-thiosulfonate (PTSO) from onions. The in vitro activity against Pseudomonas anguilliseptica, Tenacibaculum maritimum, and Photobacterium damselae of both compounds was tested. In addition, the viability of Sparicotyle chrysophrii larvae was evaluated. Moreover, a diet that consisted of a blend of PTS/PTSO (ALLIUM) was used. A total of 90 gilthead sea bream juveniles were tested against P. damselae subsp. Piscicida after 12 weeks of dietary administration. Furthermore, 150 fish with a rate of 10–15 parasites/fish were fed for 21 days and the number of gill parasites was recorded. All strains were sensitive to both compounds. PTSO showed the highest inhibitory effect against all target strains, while PTS showed higher effectiveness against S. chrysophrii. Fish from ALLIUM group presented the highest probability of survival, increasing up to 91.1%, whereas in the control group, the probability of survival was 66.7%. The number of parasites in the gilthead sea bream decreased in the ALLIUM group over time. These results suggest the inclusion of PTS and PTSO in feed as a natural strategy to prevent antibacterial and antiparasitic fish diseases.

Beneficial Effects of Daily Consumption of Garlic and Onion Extract Concentrate on Infectious Respiratory Diseases in Elderly Resident Volunteers

“…Although there is no evidence in the literature on its ability to prevent infectious processes in humans, there are many preclinical studies that support our results. Accordingly, different studies with these propiin derivatives have been carried out in farm animals, which have demonstrated protective effects against infections in broiler chickens [ 34 ], fish [ 10 ], and pigs [ 35 , 36 ]. Furthermore, these compounds have demonstrated the ability to modulate the gut microbiome in aquatic and terrestrial animals, promoting the development of lactic acid bacteria to the detriment of enteropathogenic bacteria [ 10 , 30 , 37 ], improving host immunity, maintaining intestinal homeostasis, and inhibiting inflammation [ 38 ].…”

“…such as garlic ( Allium sativum L.) and onion ( Allium cepa L.), which are rich in organosulfur compounds, including allicin, propyl-propane thiosulfinate (PTS), and propyl-propane thiosulfonate (PTSO), have been traditionally used against conditions such as joint inflammation, constipation, infectious diseases, and parasitic infestations [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Most of these beneficial effects have been confirmed experimentally in vivo and in vitro [ 10 ]. Additionally, in vitro studies have reported that the supplementation of a formula that includes concentrated garlic and onion shows broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from human samples [ 11 ], and is also effective against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRS), as reported in experimental and human studies [ 12 ].…”

Monogenean Sparicotyle chrysophrii: The major pathogen of the Mediterranean gilthead seabream aquaculture

“…Lastly, propyl‐propane‐thiosulfinate and propyl‐propane‐thiosulfonate, two organosulfur compounds from onion ( Allium cepa ), already known for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal and antiparasitic properties have been tested in vitro and in feed of Sparicotyle ‐infected gilthead seabream 135 . While the number of parasites significantly decreased in both trials, authors remarked that the degree of efficiency of Allium compounds will depend on the composition of the active ingredients and the dose of inclusion in the feed.…”

Electro-induced O–S bonding reaction targeting biological macromolecules

“…These compounds exhibit remarkable properties relevant to pesticides and medicinal agents, serving as versatile intermediates in chemical transformations. 21,22 Traditional synthetic routes for sulfonyl esters typically involve the reaction of sulfonyl chlorides or sulfonamides with alcohols or ketones in the presence of amines as bases. [23][24][25][26] However, sulfonyl chlorides are highly reactive and pose challenges in terms of storage and handling.…”