Antibacterial and Phytochemical Properties of Crude Leaf Extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam., Pterocarpus santalinoides L’Herit DC and Ceiba pentandra L. on Some Clinical Bacterial Isolates in Nigeria

Abstract

Aims: The study was carried out to determine the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of fresh leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam., Pterocarpus santalinoides L’Herit DC and Ceiba pentandra L. on bacterial isolates; Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
 Methodology: The plant leaves were dried, pulverized and phytochemical tests were done according to standard laboratory procedure. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts were obtained from 20 g of the of the ground leaves. Antibacterial assay was carried out with Disc diffusion method on seven concentrations of the extracts ;100,50,25,12.5, 6.25,3.125,1.5625 mg/ml and compared with standard antibiotics. Isolated bacterial pathogens; Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.0 x 105 cfu /ml) were used as test organisms.
 Results: Alkaloids, steroidal aglycones, glycosides, proteins, carbohydrates, reducing sugars, tannins, saponins, vitamins A and E were present in all the plant samples. Flavonoids and cardiac glycosides were not detected in Pterocarpus santalinoides and Ceiba pentandra, respectively. Anthracene glycoside was absent in all samples. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of M. oleifera showed antibacterial activities against all the bacterial isolates at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.125 mg/ml and 1.5625 mg/ml respectively. Pterocarpus santalinoides showed inhibitory activity only on Salmonella typhi at 3.125 mg/ml and Escherichia coli 1.5625 mg/ml MIC. Ceiba pentandra showed spectrum of antibacterial activity against all the bacterial isolates at 1.56 mg/ml MIC with exception of Salmonella typhi. E. coli was the most susceptible to the leaf extracts. Salmonella typhi was not sensitive to the leaf extracts of Ceiba pentandra, while Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were not sensitive to the leaf extracts of Pterocarpus santalinoides.
 Conclusion: It can be concluded that both aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts had antibacterial activity against the test organism, thus justifying their use in folklore medicine.

Familia Malvaceae: especies fundamentales en la industria agroalimentaria con potencial comercial, nutrimental y nutracéutico

“…También se han evaluado las propiedades medicinales en extractos de hojas, tallos, raíces e incluso toda la planta de C. pentandra, obteniendo resultados benéf icos en el tratamiento de bronquitis, diabetes, diarrea, disentería, enfermedades dermatológicas, artritis, entre otras, así como su capacidad bactericida sobre Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli e incluso Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ( Elumalai, Mathangi, Didala, Kasaria y Venkatesh, 2012;Njokuocha y Ewenike, 2020) Como parte de la familia de las malváceas, se encuentra el género Sterculia, en México se encuentran principalmente distribuídas tres de sus especies: S. apetala, S. foetida y S. mexicana; que son común e indistintamente conocidas como castaño; estos árboles se pueden encontrar en las selvas tropicales del sureste mexicano, particularmente las zonas selváticas de estados como Veracruz, Chiapas, Tabasco y Oaxaca. Son árboles que miden aproximadamente de 30 a 40 metros de altura, con ramas horizontales agrupadas en la parte superior del árbol, cuenta con hojas lobuladas, sus f lores son de color amarillo con rayas rojas o moradas, el fruto es de color marrón y contiene de 10 a 15 semillas negras, cubiertas por una capsula urticante de color naranja.…”

Formulasi dan Pengujian Aktivitas Antibakteri Krim Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kapuk (Ceiba pentandra L.)

“…Kapuk (Ceiba pentandra L.) adalah tumbuhan tingkat tinggi yang banyak ditemukan di hutan hujan tropis. Ekstrak daun dan kulit batang tumbuhan ini digunakan secara tradisional untuk mengobati malaria, diabetes melitus, gonore, sifilis, infeksi saluran cerna, asma dan penyembuhan luka 8 . Ekstrak air dan etanol daun kapuk diketahui memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Klebsiella pneumoniae 8,9 .…”

“…Ekstrak daun dan kulit batang tumbuhan ini digunakan secara tradisional untuk mengobati malaria, diabetes melitus, gonore, sifilis, infeksi saluran cerna, asma dan penyembuhan luka 8 . Ekstrak air dan etanol daun kapuk diketahui memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Klebsiella pneumoniae 8,9 . Penelitian lainnya menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri berbagai ekstrak batang dan daun kapuk terhadap Mycobacterium fortuitum ATCC 684, Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 19420 dan Mycobacterium abcessus ATCC 19240 10 .…”

“…Penelitian lainnya menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri berbagai ekstrak batang dan daun kapuk terhadap Mycobacterium fortuitum ATCC 684, Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 19420 dan Mycobacterium abcessus ATCC 19240 10 . Daun kapuk diketahui mengandung berbagai senyawa alkaloid, flavonoid, glikosida, protein, karbohidrat, gula tereduksi, aglikon steroidal, tanin, saponin, vitamin A, vitamin E, saponin, poliuronoid, polifenol, tanin dan plobatanin 8 . Sampai saat ini, belum ada penelitian mengenai aktivitas antibakteri daun kapuk terhadap P. acnes dan S. epidermidis.…”