Antibacterial assay-guided isolation of active compounds fromArtocarpus heterophyllusheartwoods

Abstract

Context: Preparations from Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Moraceae) heartwoods are used in the traditional folk medicine for the treatment of inflammation, malarial fever, and to prevent bacterial and fungal infections. Objective: The objective of this study was to isolate pure antibacterial compounds from A. heterophyllus heartwoods. Materials and methods: The dried and powdered A. heterophyllus heartwoods were successively extracted with the following solvents: hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Each of the extracts was screened for their antibacterial activities using a disc diffusion method (10 mg/disc). Their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined using a broth microdilution method. The extract that showed the strongest antibacterial activities was fractionated to isolate the active compounds by an antibacterial assay-guided isolation process. Results and discussion: The ethyl acetate extract exhibited the strongest antibacterial activities against Streptococcus mutans, S. pyogenes, and Bacillus subtilis with MIC values of 78, 39, and 9.8 mg/mL, respectively. Based on an antibacterial assay-guided isolation, four antibacterial compounds: cycloartocarpin (1), artocarpin (2), artocarpanone (3), and cyanomaclurin (4) were purified. Among these isolated compounds, artocarpin exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including S. mutans, S. pyogenes, B. subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and S. epidermidis with MICs of 4. 4, 4.4, 17.8, 8.9, and 8.9 mM, respectively, and MBCs of 8.9, 8.9, 17.8, 8.9, and 8.9 mM, respectively, while artocarpanone showed the strongest activity against Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacteria with MIC and MBC values of 12.9 and 25.8 mM, respectively. Only artocarpin showed inhibitory activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an MIC of 286.4 mM.

Flavonoids of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. heartwood inhibit the innate immune responses of human phagocytes

“…The crude extract of A. heterophyllus was prepared and the pure compounds were isolated using the method previously described . Briefly, dried powder of heartwood of A. heterophyllus (1 kg) was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 l × 3) at 110 °C for 1 h. The organic solvent was then removed using rotary evaporator to produce ethyl acetate extract (25 g).…”

“…A. heterophyllus is also an important source of flavonoids as well as other bioactive constituents, such as tannin, sterols, and carotenoids . It also possessed many biological properties such as anti‐inflammation, antibacterial, antioxidant, inhibition of tyrosinase, and cytotoxicity . However, less information is available about the activity of the plant and its isolated compounds in modulating phagocytosis of innate immune response.…”

A Synergistic effect of artocarpanone from Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Moraceae) on the antibacterial activity of some antibiotics and their effect on membrane permeability

“…Artocarpanone was purified from the crude ethyl acetate extract of A. heterophyllus heartwoods as described previously [9]. The antibiotics ampicillin, tetracycline, and norfloxacin were purchased from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich, UK).…”

“…Many flavonoids have been reported to have antimicrobial activity [6], and some have been demonstrated to exert a synergistic effect on the activity of commercial products against resistant bacteria including MRSA [7,8]. Artocarpanone (Figure 1) is a flavonoid isolated from Artocarpus heterophyllus , which exhibits a range of pharmacological properties including antibacterial, anti-tyrosinase, and cytotoxic activity [9-11]. However, we have found no reports describing the synergistic effect of artocarpanone on the activity of antibiotics.…”

Simultaneous HPLC Analysis of Three Flavonoids in the Extracts ofArtocarpus heterophyllusHeartwoods

“…1) from the heartwoods of A. heterophyllus. 6 Artocarpanone also possessed antiinflammatory activity and had an inhibitory effect on melanin biosynthesis 7,8 , while artocarpin possessed anticancer activity and inhibited neuraminidase 9,10 , while cycloartocarpin possessed antiplatelet activity.…”