Antibacterial Effects of Modified Implant Abutment Surfaces for the Prevention of Peri-Implantitis—A Systematic Review

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to systematically review studies investigating antibacterial implant abutment surfaces or coatings, which may suppress bacterial growth to prevent plaque-induced peri-implant inflammatory disease. Data were collected after identification of case, assay/laboratory procedure, predicate/reference standard and outcome (CAPO). Seven hundred and twenty (720) records were identified through data base searching. After screening nine publications fulfilled inclusion criteria and were included. The following surfaces/coatings showed antibacterial properties: Electrochemical surface modification of titanium by the anodic spark deposition technique; doxycycline coating by cathodic polarization; silver coating by DC plasma sputter; titanium nitride; zirconium nitride and microwave assistant nano silver coating. Since the current state of the literature is rather descriptive, a meta-analysis was not performed. While several abutment coatings showed to have antibacterial capacity, some of them also influenced the behavior of investigated human cells. None of the studies investigated the long-term effect of surface modifications. Since surface changes are the main contributing factor in the development of antibacterial effects, the biodegradation behavior must be characterized to understand its durability. To date there is no effective structure, material or strategy to avoid peri-implant inflammation used as clinical routine. Furthermore, clinical studies are scarce.

Effect of a Nanostructured Titanium Surface on Gingival Cell Adhesion, Viability and Properties against P. gingivalis

“…Since bacterial adhesion onto the implant surface is the initial step in the pathogenesis of peri-implantitis, it seems crucial to find strategies to minimize bacterial adhesion and colonization by modifying the surface topography of the implants. Nanostructured surfaces have been demonstrated to exhibit antibacterial effects by either mechanically destroying attached bacteria or reducing their adhesion [6][7][8][9]. This effect is mainly caused by specific nanostructures of spikelike nanopillars, which have the capacity of mechanically destroying the murein wall of bacteria [10][11][12][13].…”

In Vivo Biofilm Formation on Novel PEEK, Titanium, and Zirconia Implant Abutment Materials

“…Future research could focus on biomaterials as such, or the direct alteration of the oral microbiome. The former might be achieved by the development of abutment materials with active antimicrobial effects that can inhibit bacterial growth, the latter by the domiciliary use of pro- or postbiotics and ozonized water to alter or to eradicate biofilms [ 67 , 68 , 69 ].…”

Generating bioactive and antiseptic interfaces with nano-silver hydroxyapatite-based coatings by pulsed electrochemical deposition for long-term efficient cervical soft tissue sealing

“…[4][5][6] So, the lack of an effective strategy to prevent longterm bacterial infection and meanwhile achieve strong cervical soft tissue integration has fueled the growing interest in surface modification or depositing functional coatings for the Ti/TiO 2 implant. 7 So far, numerous molecules such as chitosan, 8 peptides, 9 inorganic metal elements, 10 and antibiotics 11 have been applied to implant interfaces by physical adsorption or chemical covalent conjugation to fabricate an antibacterial or antimicrobial interface. Silver nanoparticles, alloys, and ions, in particular, have been widely used as promising candidates in the development of new bactericides due to their unique electronic, optical, and chemical properties.…”

“…4–6 So, the lack of an effective strategy to prevent long-term bacterial infection and meanwhile achieve strong cervical soft tissue integration has fueled the growing interest in surface modification or depositing functional coatings for the Ti/TiO 2 implant. 7…”