Antibody in Tears, Saliva and Nasal Secretions Following Oral Immunization of Humans with Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccine

Abstract

Oral immunization of 5 volunteers with an enteric-coated inactivated influenza vaccine resulted in a significant rise of IgA-specific antibodies in tears, saliva and nasal secretion, reaching a maximum response 5–7 weeks after completion of immunization.

Local Immune Responses in Ocular Virus Infection and Their Implications for Future Immunotherapy

“…They are trapped in the nasal, oral or gut epithelium and stimulate peripheral mesenteric, gut-asso ciated, mammary gland and/or splenic lymphocytes [61,62], These committed lymphocytes migrate through the peripheral blood system and home in on the lacrimal glands, CALT, cornea and other inflammatory sites [63]. Consistent with this pattern, when the virus-infected mu cosal membrane is in a remote site or viral vaccine is administered via an intranasal, oral, gastric or vaginal route, specific tear IgA antibody increases and generates ocular surface protection [64,65], Anti-viral IgG and IgM also increase in the tear film. Although quiescent eyes sometimes express antibody activity against HSV, vari cella, CMV, EBV, measles, rubella, mumps, adenovirus, influenza, rhinovirus and HIV in tears, the concentration of these antibodies increases significantly upon exposure to an actual viral infection [66][67][68], S-IgA mediates the major antiviral function of mucosal immunity.…”

Ocular Mucosal Immunity

“…Consistent with the hypothesis that NALT is required for the induction of tear IgA antibody responses are the following observations: (1) topical application of noninvasive antigens to the rat ocular surface appears to result in passage through the nasolacrimal canal into the gastrointestinal tract, and not retrograde transfer to the lacrimal gland or lymphatic drainage into local lymph nodes (Sullivan et al, 1998). Likewise, herpes simplex virus in human tears has been shown to flow through the lacrimal canaliculi into the nasal cavity (Yoshida and Hondo, 1992); (2) intranasal, oral, or gastric administration of bacteria, viruses, or other antigens may induce the accumulation of specific tear IgA antibodies and the generation of ocular surface protection (Mestecky et al, 1978;Nichols et al, 1978;Montgomery et al, 1983Montgomery et al, , 1984aBergmann et al, 1986;Waldman and Bergmann, 1987;Czerkinsky et al, 1987;Van Zaane et al, 1987;Peppard et al, 1988;Peppard and Montgomery, 1990;Davidson et al, 1993;Carr et al, 1996;Noriega et al, 1996;Montgomery and Rafferty, 1998;Ridley Lathers et al, 1998;Gill and Montgomery, 2002). On the other hand, recent studies now indicate that particulate antigen can be taken up by the conjunctiva and transported to the draining lymph nodes, showing that NALT is not an absolute requirement for the induction of rat tear IgA responses (Gill et al, 2010).…”

“…In contrast, the contribution of serum IgA antibodies to ocular surface defense appears to be minimal or nonexistent (Sullivan and Allansmith, 1984;Montgomery et al, 1984b;Bergmann et al, 1986;Peppard and Montgomery, 1987;Czerkinsky et al, 1987). However, IgG antibodies from serum may serve a significant role in certain inflammatory disorders of the eye (Gupta and Sarin, 1983;Mackie and Seal, 1984;Wilhelmus et al, 1986).…”

Induction, Persistence and Strain Specificity of Haemagglutinin-specific Secretory Antibodies in Lungs of Mice after Intragastric Administration of Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccines

“…Virus-specific neutralizing antibodies, especially of the IgA isotype, play an important role in controlling influenza virus infection of the respiratory tract (Liew et al, 1984). Production of secretory IgA in bronchial secretions is achieved by intranasal immunization with either live or inactivated influenza virus (Laver & Kilbourne, 1966;Snyder et al, 1986;Waldman et al, 1968), as well as by oral administration with inactivated influenza virus (Bergman et al, 1986;Chen et al, 1987;Lazzel et al, 1984). In our earlier studies (Chen et al, 1987) we examined the effects of intragastric administration of inactivated whole influenza virus vaccine, demonstrating the induction of HA-specific IgA and IgG in pulmonary secretions.…”