Anticancer activity and antioxidant potential of Aponogeton undulatus against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in Swiss albino mice

Abstract

Abstract. The in vivo anticancer and in vitro antioxidant effects of the crude methanol extract of Aponogeton undulatus, in addition to its various organic fractions, were investigated. Various assay methods, including the total antioxidant capacity assay, lipid peroxidation inhibition assay, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and ferrous reducing power assessment were used to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the crude extract and its organic fractions. The ethyl acetate fraction (EAU) demonstrated the highest antioxidant capacity (175.80±0.41 mg/g equivalent ascorbic acid), which exhibited IC 50 values of DPPH scavenging activity and maximum lipid peroxidation of 38.84±0.02 and 42.52±0.32 µg/ml, respectively. The reducing power of the extract was concentration dependent. The in vivo antitumor activity was evaluated against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cell-bearing Swiss albino mice. EAUs (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) were administered for nine consecutive days. On day 10, half of the mice were sacrificed and the remaining mice were evaluated for lifespan. Hematological profiles including, red blood cell, white blood cell and hemoglobin content were also evaluated. EAU treatment significantly (P<0.05) decreased tumor volume, packed cell volume and viable cell count, and increased the lifespan of EAC tumor-bearing mice. Hematological profiles were restored to normal levels in EAU-treated mice compared with EAC control mice. Taken together, these results suggest that the Aponogeton undulatus extract may have potent antioxidant and anticancer properties. IntroductionIn addition to numerous types of oxygen-centered free radicals, various physiological and biochemical processes in the human body may produce other reactive oxygen species (ROS) (1). High concentrations of these free radicals may induce oxidative damage to cell structures including lipids and membranes, proteins and nucleic acids; this damage is often referred to as oxidative stress and eventually leads to numerous chronic diseases, including atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes and other degenerative diseases in humans (2,3). ROS have previously been revealed to be involved in cancer initiation and promotion, and patients with neoplasms demonstrated elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations (4). Furthermore, evidence indicating that antioxidants inhibit free radical damage suggests that treatment with a combination of antioxidants may be a potent adjunctive preventive treatment for cancer (5).Phytochemicals are still widely used worldwide and across the major groups of human medicine, presently, they comprise ~50% of the total pharmaceutical market (6). A number of countries and studies are extracting and investigating potent and nontoxic antioxidants from natural sources, in particular those identified in edible or medicinal plants, in order to prevent free radical-associated human disorders and to replace synthetic compounds, which likely possess carcinogenic activity or activity that is harmful to the l...

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“…For instance, a study by Islam et al (2012) reported antineoplastic activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma by Eucalyptus extracts. Another study by Rahman et al (2017) documented solid antioxidant and anticancer properties of Aponogeton undulates extracts.…”

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