Antiinflammatory effects of essential oil from the leaves of Cinnamomum cassia and cinnamaldehyde on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated J774A.1 cells

Abstract

Cassia oil (CO) from different parts of Cinnamomum cassia have different active components. Very few pharmacological properties of cassia leaf oil have been reported. This study investigated and compared effects of cassia leaf oil and cinnamaldehyde on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated J774A.1 cells. Volatile compositions in cassia leaf oil were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS. Effects of CO and cinnamaldehyde on LPS-activated J774A.1 cells were investigated by determining nitric oxide (NO) production using Griess reaction assay; expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, enzymes involve in inflammatory mediators; antiinflammatory cytokines, and iron exporter ferroportin1 (Fpn1) using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; and production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-10 using ELISA. The main component of CO was cinnamaldehyde. Both oils at 1-20 μg/ml markedly inhibited NO production in LPS-activated J774A.1 cells with IC50 value of 6.1 ± 0.25 and 9.97 ± 0.35 μg/ml, respectively. They similarly inhibited mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. These mediators included TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α in LPS-activated cells. They also significantly decreased expression of inducible enzymes inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, microsomal prostaglandin-E synthase-1. In the opposite way, they increased mRNA expression and the production of antiinflammatory cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β. In addition, they promoted the expression of Fpn1. These results demonstrated that inhibitory effects of cassia leaf oil from C. cassia mainly came from cinnamaldehyde. This compound not only inhibited inflammatory mediators but also activated antiinflammatory mediators in LPS-activated J774A.1 cells. It may also have an effect on iron regulatory proteins in activated macrophages.

Nitric Oxide Inhibitory and Cytotoxic Activities of Spice Essential Oils

“…Furthermore, this current study also showed that lemongrass oil contains mainly citral and β-citral 47.91% and 44.90%, respectively as well as that was found in Katsukawa et al (2010). In addition, cassia oil in this research contains mainly cinnamaldehyde 99.13% as well as those was found in previous study (Pannee et al, 2014). The variation of the main compound in each study may be due to difference in parts of the plant, geographical region, ages of the plant, harvest seasons, and method of oil extraction.…”

“…Both of cassia oil and cinnamaldehyde suppressed NO and proinflammatory cytokine production in activated macrophage. The previous study demonstrated that cassia oil and cinnamaldehyde inhibited IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, MIP1-α and COX-2 and PGES-1 expression in activated J774A.1 macrophage cell at a concentration of 1-20 μg/ml and revealed noncytotoxicity to the cells by these concentrations (Pannee et al, 2014). This current study confirms that the inhibition of NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells to indicate anti-inflammatory property of cassia oil.…”

“…Cassia oil is the volatile oil from the leaves, branches or barks of Cinnamomum cassia Blume (Lauraceae) and has been traditionally used as a spice and aromatic (Geng et al, 2011). The pharmacological activity of cassia oil were possessed antimicrobial (Ooi et al, 2006;Kavanaugh & Ribbeck, 2012;Swamy et al, 2016), antioxidant (Lin et al, 2003;Yang et al, 2012), cytotoxic and mutagenic effect in human HeLa epithelioid cervical cancer, A549 lung cancer, SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer, SK-MEL-2 melanoma, XF-498 central nerve system solid tumor, and HCT-15 colon tumor cell lines (Lee et al, 2004), and anti-inflammatory (Lee et al, 2005;Pannee et al, 2014) properties.…”

Biological Properties of Some Volatile Phenylpropanoids

“…CIN forms more than 80% of cinnamon bark EO and gives it its typical flavor and odor. Since ancient times in China, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Vietnam it has been used to treat cold, influenza, fever and other inflammatory diseases [31,32].…”

Controlled delivery of a new broad spectrum antibacterial agent against colitis: In vitro and in vivo performance

“…595 To know whether the observed amelioration of the clinical 596 course of colitis in the investigated mice was potentially related 597 to immunomodulatory effects (as a consequence of the reduction 598 in the levels of colonic enterobacteria), the colonic expression of 599 several cytokines was measured. It has been shown that cin-600 namaldehyde is capable to decrease inflammatory mediators and 601 to increase anti-inflammatory mediators [40]. As it can be seen …”