Antimicrobial Activity Associated with Extracellular Matrices

Abstract

Materials derived from extracellular matrices (ECMs) are being evaluated as scaffolds for surgical reconstruction of damaged or missing tissues. It is important to understand the susceptibility of these biological materials to bacterial infections. ECMs derived from porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) and urinary bladder submucosa (UBS) were found to possess antimicrobial activity. ECM extracts, obtained by digesting these acellular matrices in acetic acid, demonstrated antibacterial activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrobial activity was determined using a minimal inhibitory concentration assay. Bacteriostatic activity was detected at protein concentrations of ECM extracts equivalent to 0.77-1.60 mg/mL. ECM extracts were found to inhibit bacterial growth for up to at least 13 h. The resulting extracts consisted of water-soluble peptides and proteins with molecular weights ranging from <4 to >100 kDa and lower molecular weight compounds, as determined by size exclusion liquid chromatography.

Epimorphic regeneration approach to tissue replacement in adult mammals

“…Because ECM scaffolds consist of various molecules such as collagen and fibronectin, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, growth factors, and cytokines (46), degradation of these ECM scaffolds releases a heterogeneous set of molecules (13,21), each with varying biologic properties in vivo. Subsets of these peptides have been found to have different bioactive properties in vitro (13,17,19,44,47,48). Although a subset of generated peptides is clearly chemotactic for stem cells, the overall contribution of these peptides to stem cell recruitment in vivo is as of yet unknown.…”

Porous composite prosthetic pylon for integration with skin and bone

“…The extracellular matrix, with its natural three-dimensional structure and composition, provides a scaffold for cell proliferation [30][31][32]. Such biological scaffolds have been shown to resist deliberate bacterial contamination [33][34], which is essential for creation of a barrier against infection in the direct skeletal attachment of a limb prosthesis. Therefore, in our in vitro experiments, we investigated whether collagen and fibrin treatment of a porous implant would affect migration of skin cells inside the structure of the implant.…”

Comparison of Three Methods for the Derivation of a Biologic Scaffold Composed of Adipose Tissue Extracellular Matrix

“…Although the mechanisms by which these materials support and promote a constructive remodeling process are only partially understood, it appears clear that rapid degradation of the scaffold material with concurrent release of both intact growth factors and newly generated bioactive matricryptic peptides as well as the provision of unique surface architectures are factors that play an important role. [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] The ability to promote constructive remodeling in vivo has also been shown to be highly dependent on the methods used in preparing the scaffold material. 19,20,42 For example, chemical crosslinking is often used to increase the mechanical strength of a scaffold material, to slow degradation, or to mask cellular epitope that may remain within the scaffold material after decellularization.…”