Antimicrobial activity of superoxidized water

Tanaka, Hironori; Hirakata, Yoichi; Kaku, Mitsuo; Yoshida, Ryoji; Takemura, Hiromu; Mizukane, Ryusuke; Ishida, Kazuo; Tomono, Kazunori; Koga, Hironobu; Kohno, Shigeru; Kamihira, Shimeru

doi:10.1016/s0195-6701(96)90124-3

Cited by 84 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The ECAS produced for this study contained approximately 100-fold less free chlorine than the equivalent dilution of bleach (data not shown), suggesting that there is a contribution from reactive species other than HClO or, alternatively, that ECAS is a far more efficient chlorine-releasing agent than bleach. However, ECAS was strongly inhibited in the presence of increasing organic soiling, which is concurrent with the results of previous work utilizing traditional methods (30). Of all the biocides tested, ethanol was the least affected by organic loading.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…However, valid comparisons can still be made during the very early stages of treatment, before background bioluminescence is reached. It has already been demonstrated that fast-acting biocides like ECAS can achieve a total kill of viable vegetative bacteria within 10 s of treatment (26,30). These time domains can be investigated reliably only in real time, by using the target bacteria as whole-cell bioreporters.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Application of Bacterial Bioluminescence To Assess the Efficacy of Fast-Acting Biocides

Robinson

Tonks

Thorn

et al. 2011

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Traditional microbiological techniques are used to provide reliable data on the rate and extent of kill for a range of biocides. However, such techniques provide very limited data regarding the initial rate of kill of fast-acting biocides over very short time domains. This study describes the application of a recombinant strain of Escherichia coli expressing the Photorhabdus luminescens lux operon as a whole-cell biosensor. Light emission is linked directly to bacterial metabolism; therefore, by monitoring light output, the impact of fast-acting biocides can be assessed. Electrochemically activated solutions (ECASs), bleach, Virkon, and ethanol were assessed at three concentrations (1%, 10%, 80%) in the presence of organic soiling. Over a 2-s time course, 80% ECAS produced the greatest reduction in light output in the absence of organic load but was strongly inhibited by its presence. Eighty percent ethanol outperformed all tested biocides in the presence of organic soil. Bleach and Virkon produced similar reductions in bioluminescence at matched concentrations within the time course of the assay. It was also demonstrated that the assay can be used to rapidly assess the impact of organic soiling. The use of bioluminescent bacteria as whole-cell bioreporters allows assessment of the relative efficacies of fast-acting biocides within milliseconds of application. The assay can be used to investigate activity over short or extended time domains to confirm complete metabolic inhibition of the bioreporter. Moreover, the assay may enable further elucidation of their mechanism of action by allowing the investigation of activity over time domains precluded by traditional microbiology.The efficacy of electrochemically activated solutions (ECASs) as fast-acting bactericidal and sporicidal biocides active against a range of organisms has been previously reported (26). It was noted that traditional microbiological methods were limiting in terms of elucidating the efficacy of biocides with a rapid mode of action, particularly during the early stages of kill. Loshon et al. (18) had similar difficulties when assessing the kill rate of a related biocide against spores of Bacillus subtilis. Traditional recovery count methods are limited by the frequency of the sampling time and the duration required to transfer the sample to a neutralizing diluent. This limitation is exacerbated when examining fast-acting biocides, where the time required for removal of a sample and adequate mixing with a neutralizer may be significant in terms of the kill kinetics. Few studies directly compare biocides using suitable methods, and the availability of simple, nonspecific tests is of benefit to users in selecting a biocide appropriate to their needs (31). This study describes a real-time technique, utilizing bioluminescent bacteria as whole-cell bioreporters of the very early stage of kill, for a range of fast-acting biocides under clean and dirty conditions.Bioluminescence occurs throughout nature in many species, the most abundant of which are ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Bacterial Bioluminescence To Assess the Efficacy of Fast-Acting Biocides

Robinson

Tonks

Thorn

et al. 2011

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…Although the effects of organic materials on acidic EW have been reported by Tanaka et al, 8 there has been no discussion reported on how the organic materials mediate the conversion of the free to the combined form of chlorine in acidic EW.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Efficiency of Disinfection of Acidic Electrolyzed Water in the Presence of Organic Materials

Oomori¹,

Oka²,

Inuta³

et al. 2000

ANAL. SCI.

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The use of chlorine for disinfection dates back to 1847, when Semmelweis ordered hand-washing with chlorinated water before deliveries. 1 It was later realized that aqueous chlorine solution is highly effective in preventing streptococcal infection. In recent years it has become a common practice to use acidic electrolyzed water (acidic EW) prepared by the electrolysis of an aqueous NaCl solution for disinfection. Acidic EW has strong bactericidal activity, and has been used in medical applications, such as in the prevention of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. It has also become useful in the food and agricultural industry. It has recently been established in our laboratory that in the case of Escherichia coli (E. coli) K12 and Bacillus subtilis PCI219, the bactericidal activity of acidic EW was virtually identical to that of a hypochlorous acid solution at the same pH value. 2 We thus concluded that the bactericidal activity of acidic EW is correlated with the concentration of hypochlorous acid.Chlorine species that exist in aqueous medium and are available for disinfection are generally called available chlorine for disinfection. It is known that in aqueous media chlorine exists in three different chemical species, i.e., Cl2, HClO, ClO -, depending upon the pH. The concentration of the unreacted mixture of Cl2, HClO and ClO -is called free available chlorine. It has, however, been known that the bactericidal activity of free available chlorine is strongly influenced by the concentration of non-specific reducing agents that coexist in the medium. This indicates that we must be careful in quantitating the effective concentration of free available chlorine in the medium in order to achieve the maximum effect of acidic EW for disinfection.Free available chlorine, as determined around neutral pH, is known to be depleted through oxidation-reduction reactions with a variety of inorganic and organic materials. 3 Furthermore, it can react with ammonia and amino acids to form N-chloro compounds. The total amount of this form of reacted chlorine is generally termed combined available chlorine.3 Combined available chlorine is much lower in bactericidal activity than the free form. [3][4][5][6] In the present report we show that the concentration of free available chlorine is influenced by the presence of reducing agents in order to characterize the optimal condition for disinfection by acidic EW. Three methods are commonly used for quantitating the available chlorine concentration in aqueous media: iodometric titration, the o-tolidine method and the N,Ndiethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPD) method. The iodometric titration method is unable to distinguish free available chlorine from combined available chlorine. The o-tolidine method can distinguish these two forms, but only with poor accuracy. The DPD method is the most selective method for assaying these two forms. This method is based on the oxidation of an indicator (DPD) to colored species. In the absence of iodide ion, free available chlorine ...

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“…On literature search, it was reported and confirmed by several studies that SOW has a potent antimicrobial activity including viruses and bacteria (6). Although SOW is used mainly for hospital wall's surfaces and metal health's equipment, many published data investigated its effect on external surface of body such as in diabetic foot ulcers, burn wounds and skin infections (7). However, there are limited data about the use of SOW in intraabdominal organs or within the integrity of body system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

The effect of super-oxidized water on the tissues of uterus and ovary: An experimental rat study

Aras¹,

Karaman²,

Çim³

et al. 2017

Eastern J Med

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Antimicrobial activity of superoxidized water

Cited by 84 publications

References 8 publications

Application of Bacterial Bioluminescence To Assess the Efficacy of Fast-Acting Biocides

Application of Bacterial Bioluminescence To Assess the Efficacy of Fast-Acting Biocides

The Efficiency of Disinfection of Acidic Electrolyzed Water in the Presence of Organic Materials

The effect of super-oxidized water on the tissues of uterus and ovary: An experimental rat study

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