Antimicrobial Agents: Antibacterial Agents, Anti-biofilm Agents, Antibacterial Natural Compounds, and Antibacterial Chemicals

Abstract

The surge in antimicrobial resistance coupled with the decline in the antimicrobial drug pipeline calls for the discovery and development of new agents to tackle antibiotic resistance and prevent a return to a post-antibiotic era. Several factors account for resistance of microbes; some are natural and others are acquired. Natural selection, presence of efflux pumps, impermeable cell wall, biofilm formation and quorum sensing are some of the factors. Though it is difficult to outwit the pathogens, the discovery and development of compounds with pleiotropic modes or mechanisms of action different from the conventional drugs currently being used can help us tackle antimicrobial resistance. Natural products have been known to be a rich source of bioactive compounds with diverse structures and functional group chirality. Various reports indicate medicinal plants with antibacterial, anti-biofilm, efflux pump inhibition, wound healing effects or properties and others used for upper respiratory and urinary tract infections. There is an urgent need to research into natural products particularly plants for antimicrobial agents including antibacterial agents, anti-biofilm agents, antibacterial natural compounds and antibacterial chemicals. This chapter throws more light on such antimicrobials.

Antibacterial Activity and Active Fraction of Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiber montanum (J.Koenig) Link ex A., and Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm. Against Propionibacterium acnes

“…Decanal compounds have a mechanism of action due to aldehyde groups which are very likely to cause the function of cell membrane proteins, thereby increasing their permeability. 26,27 The ester compounds such as Hexanoic acid, 2,7-dimethyloct-7-en-5-yn-4-yl ester; and phthalic acid, di(2-propylpentyl) ester is not yet known with certainty how the effect as an antibacterial and the mechanism of action. The zingerone 28 and 6-shogaol 29…”

Chalcones As Broad‐Spectrum Antimicrobial Agents: A Comprehensive Review And Analysis Of Their Antimicrobial Activities

“…[59] So hydrophilic chalcone can interact on the surface of the membrane and have a therapeutic effect against various harmful chemicals and the formation of biofilm. [60] The developed of drain pump inhibitors (PPEs) are not only to control drainage pumps, but also to prevent biofilm propagation. [61] There is an effect of polyphenols on numerous microorganisms, particularly bacteria, as well as their influence on intestinal infections.…”

Updates on the Virulence Factors Produced by Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacterales and Strategies to Control Their Infections

“… Macrolides—inhibit protein synthesis by targeting peptidyl transferase, leading to premature peptide chain detachment. Oxazolidinones—interfere with protein synthesis by binding to the 23Sr RNA of the 50S subunit and interacting with peptidyl-t-RNA [ 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 ]. …”

“…Oxazolidinones—interfere with protein synthesis by binding to the 23Sr RNA of the 50S subunit and interacting with peptidyl-t-RNA [ 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 ].…”