Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Cichorium Intybus Root Extract Using Orthogonal Matrix Design

Abstract

Solvent, impregnation time, sonication repetitions, and ultrasonic power were important factors in the process of ultrasound-assisted extraction from chicory (Cichorium intybus) root, while there were no studies about optimizing these 4 factors for extract yield, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activity of the extracts using orthogonal matrix design. The present research demonstrated that the solvent composition played a significant role in the improving extract yield, TPC, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. The other 3 factors had inequable effect on different purposes, ultrasonic power could improve TPC and antioxidant activity, but long time of extraction lowered antioxidant activity. The TPC increased from 22.34 to 27.87 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalents)/100 g (dry extracts) with increasing solvent polarity. The half inhibition concentration (IC(50,) μg/mL) of the radical scavenging activity of the chicory extracts ranged from 281.00 to 983.33 μg/mL. The content of caffeoylquinic acids of root extract, which was extracted by the optimal combination was 0.104%. Several extracts displayed antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus subtilis, and Salmonella typhi, while Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. resisted against all the extracts. Combination of 70% ethanol v/v, 24-h impregnation time, 3 sonication rounds, and 300-W ultrasonic input power was found to be the optimal combination for the chicory extract yield, TPC, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity.

Optimisation of pressurised liquid extraction for antioxidative polyphenolic compound from Momordica charantia using response surface methodology

“…On the other hand, ethanol acts as an antisolvent in regard to polysaccharides, resulting in their precipitation and exclusion from the solution (Bouchard et al ., ). These results coincide with findings of several studies where solvents with high water content resulted in increased chances of extracting contaminant compounds rather than polyphenolic compounds (Palma et al ., ; Piñeiro et al ., ; Spigno et al ., ; Liu et al ., ; Tomšik et al ., ). Besides this, in an ethanolic media, hydroxyl groups of phenolic compounds develop hydrogen bonds with the electronegative oxygen of ethanol enhancing their solubility (Galanakis et al ., ).…”

“…This issue could be due to occurrence of various reactions generating antioxidant capable compounds (Hossain et al ., ; Ahmadian‐Kouchaksaraie et al ., ). Furthermore, high ethanol content in the aqueous–alcoholic solvent system facilitates extraction of polyphenolic compounds from their matrices without the risk of extracting contaminant compounds compared to solvent mixture with high water content (Liu et al ., ; Tomšik et al ., ). This is due to the fact that in a dual solvent system, one solvent increases solubility while the other (water) enhances analyte desorption from the plant matrix (Mustafa & Turner, ; Rodríguez‐Pérez et al ., ).…”

Medicinal plants with antimicrobial activities (part 2): Plant based review

“…and Aspergillus sp. resisted all the extracts [88]. The antimicrobial effectiveness of methanolic extract and different fractions (n-butanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and n-hexane) of Cichorium intybus seeds was studied in vitro.…”

Cichorium glandulosum Bioss. Et Huet 菊苣 (Juju, Chicory)

“…et Huet also have much bioactivity in traditional and modern medicine. Modern pharmacological studies have indicated they have the following bioactivities: hepatoprotective effect [14,20], anti-diabetic and lipid lowering effects [21][22][23], antioxidant [23][24][25], anti-inflammation [25,26], antifungal effect [27], antimalarial activity, antitumour activity [18,28], etc.…”