Antimicrobial resistance, mechanisms and its clinical significance

Abushaheen, Manar Ali; Muzaheed, .; Fatani, Amal J.; Alosaimi, Mohammed Q; Mansy, Wael; George, M Varghese; Acharya, Sadananda; Rathod, Sanjay; Divakar, Darshan Devang; Jhugroo, Chitra; Khan, Aftab Ahmed; Shaik, Jilani Purusottapatnam; Jhugroo, Poojdev

doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2020.100971

Cited by 317 publications

(211 citation statements)

References 119 publications

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“…The development of drug resistance has occurred on a large scale over time, reducing the effectiveness of treatments. Microorganisms produce resistance by acquiring the expression of resistance genes or by selecting microorganisms that express them, which gene acquisition can take place spontaneously or by horizontal transfer usually in response to drug exposure [ 132 , 133 , 134 ]. The selective pressure in favor of the microorganisms that present the resistant genes occurs, in part, due to poor adherence to treatment by patients, the use of antibiotics for long periods, or the low drug microbicidal effect.…”

Section: Challenges and Opportunities Of Polymeric Nanoparticles Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The selective pressure in favor of the microorganisms that present the resistant genes occurs, in part, due to poor adherence to treatment by patients, the use of antibiotics for long periods, or the low drug microbicidal effect. When a patient does not take the adequate drug dose, there is an increase in the selective pressure in favor of the resistance genes because the microorganisms that present them are exposed to the drug, but it cannot eliminate them [ 132 , 135 ]. Table 2 summarizes some examples of antimicrobial resistance.…”

Section: Challenges and Opportunities Of Polymeric Nanoparticles Imentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Advances in Polymeric Nanoparticle-Encapsulated Drugs against Intracellular Infections

2020

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Polymeric nanocarriers (PNs) have demonstrated to be a promising alternative to treat intracellular infections. They have outstanding performance in delivering antimicrobials intracellularly to reach an adequate dose level and improve their therapeutic efficacy. PNs offer opportunities for preventing unwanted drug interactions and degradation before reaching the target cell of tissue and thus decreasing the development of resistance in microorganisms. The use of PNs has the potential to reduce the dose and adverse side effects, providing better efficiency and effectiveness of therapeutic regimens, especially in drugs having high toxicity, low solubility in the physiological environment and low bioavailability. This review provides an overview of nanoparticles made of different polymeric precursors and the main methodologies to nanofabricate platforms of tuned physicochemical and morphological properties and surface chemistry for controlled release of antimicrobials in the target. It highlights the versatility of these nanosystems and their challenges and opportunities to deliver antimicrobial drugs to treat intracellular infections and mentions nanotoxicology aspects and future outlooks.

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Section: Challenges and Opportunities Of Polymeric Nanoparticles Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Challenges and Opportunities Of Polymeric Nanoparticles Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Polymeric Nanoparticle-Encapsulated Drugs against Intracellular Infections

2020

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“…Antibiotics act by eradication of the infection by causing destruction or deactivation of the organism. [14,15] However, dentists have been attributed to the misuse of this discovery and contributed immensely to the rising calamity of antibiotic resistance. [15][16][17] The development of antibiotic resistant strains leads to increased healthcare cost, increased mortality rates and unpredictable treatment outcomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[14,15] However, dentists have been attributed to the misuse of this discovery and contributed immensely to the rising calamity of antibiotic resistance. [15][16][17] The development of antibiotic resistant strains leads to increased healthcare cost, increased mortality rates and unpredictable treatment outcomes. [15] According to recent AHA (American Heart Association) guidelines, prophylactic antibiotics, are only indicated in certain patients with increased risk of Infective endocarditis and an invasive dental procedure is being planned.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[15][16][17] The development of antibiotic resistant strains leads to increased healthcare cost, increased mortality rates and unpredictable treatment outcomes. [15] According to recent AHA (American Heart Association) guidelines, prophylactic antibiotics, are only indicated in certain patients with increased risk of Infective endocarditis and an invasive dental procedure is being planned. [18] There are detailed and updated guidelines on the prophylactic and treatment use of antibiotics published by the SDCEP [19], FGDP (Faculty of General Dental Practice) [20], NICE (The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prescription Patterns of Dentists in Primary Care in Bahrain During COVID-19: A Cross Sectional Study.

Sivaramakrishnan¹,

Alsobaiei²,

AlSulaiti³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Dentists have always been attributed to the ever rising global problem of antibiotic resistance. The recent pandemic due to COVID-19 has caused greater concern and primary dental care practices were suspended in the Ministry of Health in Bahrain between February to August 2020. Dental emergencies were addressed using a triage system and dentists were advised on avoiding invasive and aerosol generating procedures. This means that many dentists opted to prescribe medications without undertaking the necessary dental intervention. Aim: To identify the prescription and drug utilization of primary care dental practitioners during the temporary suspension of routine dental practices due to COVID-19.Method: Anonymized data from out-patient dental prescriptions from February 2020 to August 2020 were collected. Necessary data regarding the number, type and indication for prescription were collected and analyzed using appropriate statistical tests.Results: An average of two medications were prescribed for each patient, that included systemic and local analgesics and anti-microbials. 33.4% of patients were only prescribed medications without any dental intervention. Approximately 35% of the records showed inappropriate diagnosis and their rationale for prescription could not be determined. 100% of the patients with acute or chronic periapical abscess and 41% with gingivitis or periodontitis were prescribed medications without any dental intervention. Amoxicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid amongst the antimicrobial class; and ibuprofen and acetaminophen amongst the analgesics accounted for 90% of prescribed drugs. Chlorhexidine mouth rinse seemed to be on the regular list for any diagnoses, prescribed between 7 and 14 days, twice or thrice daily. Conclusion: Suspension of dental practices can cause more harm in terms of overuse and unindicated prescription practices in primary dental care. The awareness of the recent guidelines is important to prevent unintended use. Effective infection control practices based on guideline should be in place to contain COVID-19 transmission rather than suspension of dental care.

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Orthogonal Nano‐Engineering (ONE): Modulating Nanotopography and Surface Chemistry of Aluminum Oxide for Superior Antibiofouling and Enhanced Chemical Stability

Chen,

Fianu,

Moraru

et al. 2024

Adv Materials Inter

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Decoupling certain material surface properties can be key to attaining critical property‐activity relationships that underpin their antibiofouling performance. Here, orthogonal nano‐engineering (ONE) is employed to decouple the influences of nanotopography and surface chemistry on surface antibiofouling. Nanotopography and surface chemistry are systematically varied with a two‐step process. Controlled nanotopography is obtained by electrochemical anodization of aluminum, which generated anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) surfaces with cylindrical nanopores (diameters: 15, 25, and 100 nm). To modify surface chemistry while preserving nanotopography, an ultrathin (≈5 nm) yet stable zwitterionic coating of poly(divinylbenzene‐4‐vinylpyridyl sulfobetaine) is deposited on these surfaces using initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD). Antibiofouling performance is assessed by quantifying 48‐h biomass formed by gram positive and negative bacteria. The ONE surfaces demonstrated enhanced antibiofouling performance, with small‐pore nanotopography and zwitterionic chemistry each lowered biomass accumulation by tested species, with potential additive effects. The most effective chemistry‐topography combination (ZW‐AAO15) enabled an overall reduction of 91% for Escherichia coli, 76% for Staphylococcus epidermidis, 69% for Listeria monocytogenes, and 67% for Staphylococcus aureus, relative to the uncoated nanosmooth control. Additionally, the composite ZW coating exhibited encouraging anticorrosion properties under both static and turbulent cleaning conditions, vital to antibiofouling applications in healthcare and food industries.

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Antimicrobial resistance, mechanisms and its clinical significance

Cited by 317 publications

References 119 publications

Recent Advances in Polymeric Nanoparticle-Encapsulated Drugs against Intracellular Infections

Recent Advances in Polymeric Nanoparticle-Encapsulated Drugs against Intracellular Infections

Prescription Patterns of Dentists in Primary Care in Bahrain During COVID-19: A Cross Sectional Study.

Orthogonal Nano‐Engineering (ONE): Modulating Nanotopography and Surface Chemistry of Aluminum Oxide for Superior Antibiofouling and Enhanced Chemical Stability

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