Antimicrobial resistance not related to 1,2,3 integrons and Superintegron in Vibrio spp. isolated from seawater sample of Lima (Peru)

Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (AST) Reports: A Basis for Environmental/Epidemiological Surveillance and Infection Control Amongst Environmental Vibrio cholerae

“…This also reflects the earlier proposition of Manaia et al [ 5 ] that the environmental water bodies are incubating black box for resistance amongst potential pathogens which inhabit estuaries. The study of Sulca et al [ 59 ] and Uppal et al [ 60 ] reported resistance to several antibiotics which is similar to the observations in this study. The occurrence of such multiple resistance markers/phenotypes observed during the study showed high multiple antibiotic resistant index (MARI) of about 0.5 for isolates that had sixteen multiple antibiotic resistant phenotype/markers.…”

“…A higher number and percentage resistance was observed for nitrofurantoin 43 (70.5%), cephalexin 47 (77.1%), erythromycin 46 (75.4%), cephalothin 36 (59.0%), with few resistance occurring in ciprofloxacin 3 (4.9), nalidixic acid 7 (11.5%), while 100% susceptibility was observed amongst imipenem, amikacin, meropenem, norfloxacin, streptomycin and gentamicin ( Figure 1 a,b). This is similar to the report of Sulca et al [ 59 ] who reported both sensitive and resistance to these groups of antibiotics but for a report which is at variance to our finding on amikacin. Amikacin was observed to have inhibited the entire tested organism with a zone appreciable with sensitivity as compared with the EUCAST/CLSI [ 38 , 53 ] guidelines during our study, which is contrary to the 14.7% resistance reported for amikacin by Sulca et al [ 59 ].…”

“…This is similar to the report of Sulca et al [ 59 ] who reported both sensitive and resistance to these groups of antibiotics but for a report which is at variance to our finding on amikacin. Amikacin was observed to have inhibited the entire tested organism with a zone appreciable with sensitivity as compared with the EUCAST/CLSI [ 38 , 53 ] guidelines during our study, which is contrary to the 14.7% resistance reported for amikacin by Sulca et al [ 59 ]. Dengo-baloi et al [ 61 ] reported a 13% resistance to azithromycin and a 100% resistance to nalidixic acid which is at variance with this study.…”

“…These variance reports might be associated with the region or environmental activities in their individual isolation sites or the flexible and changing nature of V. cholerae in diverse environment [ 64 ]. In the reports of Guevara et al [ 65 ], resistance was not observed amongst the Vibrio strains but the trend changed over time as subsequent simultaneous report between 1992 and 2017 shows that [ 59 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 ] V. cholerae is emerging in resistant profile and multiple antibiotic resistance which have also extended from penicillanases or β-lactamases of various class to carbapenemases as affirmed during their study. This is further affirmed in this study as resistance was reported for extended spectrum β-lactamase and other novel carbapenemase resistance.…”

Co-occurrence of Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistance and Sequence Type Diversity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated From Penaeus vannamei at Freshwater Farms, Seawater Farms, and Markets in Zhejiang Province, China

“…Similar results have been reported showing that antimicrobial resistance is not related to class 1, 2, or 3 integrons in Vibrio sp. isolated from seawater samples in Lima, Peru (Sulca et al, 2018). In addition, other studies have also shown a low prevalence of other MGEs, such as plasmids and integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), in V. parahaemolyticus isolates from seafood in certain provinces in China (Hu and Chen, 2016;He et al, 2019).…”