Antioxidant Property and Bactericidal Activity of Linum usitatissimum Seed Essential Oil Nanoemulsion (LSEO-NE) on Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract

Background: Linum usitatissimum Seed Essential Oil (LSEO) as an efficient antimicrobial compound contains various types of phytochemicals, such as lignans and phenols. Objectives: In the current study, we produced LSEO nanoemulsion (LSEO-NE) to study its antioxidant capacity and bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: The LSEO-NE was produced using the ultrasonication method and characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Then, we measured its antioxidant activity utilizing both ABTS and DPPH tests at four different LSEO-NE concentrations (200, 600, 800, and 1000 µg/mL) compared to glutathione. Finally, we evaluated its bactericidal activity on S. aureus by studying Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (AST) using LSEO-NE-smeared discs compared to non-smeared and kanamycin discs. Results: The 67.3 nm droplets of LSEO-NE with PDI of 0.452 exhibited strong antioxidant activity, similar to glutathione, in both ABTS (IC50 = 350 µg/mL) and DPPH (IC50 = 235 µg/mL) tests. Moreover, the AST results revealed the significant sensitivity of S. aureus to LSEO-NE-smeared discs when compared to non-smeared and kanamycin discs. Conclusions: According to the results, LSEO-NE can be applied as a safe, natural, and effective antibiotic for bacterial infections caused by S. aureus in most organs, such as the respiratory system and skin. However, further in vivo studies are required to evaluate the LSEO-NE antibacterial efficiency against other pathogenic S. aureus strains.

Emulsions containing essential oils, their components or volatile semiochemicals as promising tools for insect pest and pathogen management

“…They studied nanoemulsions of eugenol in water stabilized by tween 80, and found that for nanoemulsions containing at fixed amount of eugenol (6 v/v%), a 3fold increase of the surfactant concentration (from 6 v/v% to 18 v/v%) results in a reduction of the average droplet size from 95 nm to 20 nm. These results are in agreement with the findings by Keyshasalar et al [146] for nanoemulsions of Linum usitatissimum seed essential oil. They found that the higher the concentration of surfactant the smaller the droplet size is.…”

Antibacterial Activity of Flax Seeds Extract Rinse against Streptococcus mutans Colonies

“…Another study reported inhibitory effect on the S. aureus growth and its proliferation cycle by the nano-emulsion of L. usitatissimum seeds essential oil. This study also reported the antioxidant effect of flax seeds by scavenging the free radicals [18]. On the other hand, a study was done to analyze the bactericidal activity of flax seeds different extracts by inhibiting the growth of four multiresistant clinical bacterial isolates that are Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.…”

“…The main causative organism responsible for dental caries is Streptococcus mutans unfortunately, there is a lack of enough literature reporting the antibacterial activity of flax seeds against the bacteria present in the oral cavity, causing dental caries and periodontal diseases. But still few studies have reported bactericidal activity of flax seeds against prominent diseasecausing bacteria of the oral cavity including Porphyromonas gingivalis [17], Staphylococcus [18] and Lactobacillus. Inhibitory or bactericidal activity of Streptococcus mutans, being the main cause of dental caries, should be investigated with herbs like flax seeds which have bactericidal effects on a vast majority of bacteria.…”

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Effects of PLGA-Based Nanoparticles Modified With Chitosan-Folic Acid for Delivering Artemisia vulgaris Essential Oil

“…51 A comparison of the non-growth halos of Aureus bacteria treated with the nanoemulsions of the linseed oil and the A. vulgaris EO approved the stronger antibacterial effects of the latter. 52 Medicinal plants with proven pharmacological effects have long been employed in traditional medicine. 53 According to the World Health Organization, the integration of traditional and complementary medicine can make a significant contribution to achieving universal health coverage and the provision of essential health services.…”