Antiperoxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antimutagenic activities of ethanol extract of the mycelium ofGanoderma lucidum occurring in South India

Abstract

Free radical mediated genetic instability is widely thought to be a major etiological factor for initiation of carcinogenesis. Mushrooms represent a largely untapped source of powerful new pharmaceutical products. In the present study, we examined the antiperoxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antimutagenic activities of the ethanol extract of the mycelium of a medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, occurring in south India. Antiperoxidative activity was evaluated using Fe(2+)-ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate and a phorbol ester (croton oil)-induced lipid peroxidation in mouse skin. Antiinflammatory activity was evaluated against carrageenan-induced acute and formalin-induced chronic inflammatory paw edema in mouse and phorbol ester-induced mouse skin inflammation. Antimutagenic activity was determined by the Ames mutagenicity assay using histidine mutant of Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98, TA100, and TA102. Sodium azide (NaN(3)), N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NPD), and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) were used as the mutagens. The extract showed significant inhibition of Fe(2+)-induced peroxidation of lipid in rat liver (IC(50) 510 +/- 22 microg/ml) and 37% inhibition of croton oil-induced peroxidation on the mouse skin at 20 mg/0.1 ml/skin. Carrageenan-induced acute and formalin-induced chronic inflammatory edema were inhibited by 56 and 60%, respectively, by the extract at 1,000 mg/kg body wt (i.p). The extract at a concentration of 5 mg/plate showed inhibition of mutagenicity elicited by direct acting mutagens, NaN(3) (55.5 and 75.7%) and MNNG (50.0 and 57.5%) for S. typhymurium strains TA100 and TA102, respectively. The extract at the same concentration also inhibited mutagenicity elicited by NPD (52.4 and 64.2%) and B[a]P (60.7 and 59.6%) for TA98 and TA100 strains, respectively. The B[a]P was activated in the presence of rat liver microsomal (S9) fraction. The results of our study revealed that ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium possessed significant antiperoxidative, antiinflammatory, and antimutagenic activities. The findings suggest a medicinal use for the ethanol extract of the mycelium of G. lucidum occurring in South India.

Effect of dietary linseed oil and Ganoderma lucidum or olive leaves supplementation on fatty acid composition and oxidative status of rabbits

“…According to Jones and Janardhanan (2000) methanol extracts of G. Lucidum possess in vitro antioxidant activity. Similar results were obtained by Lakshmi et al (2003) with an ethanol extract of the mycelium of G. lucidum which inhibited Fe 2 ⁺-induced peroxidation of lipid in rat liver (50% inhibition) and maximally inhibited (37%) croton oil-induced peroxidation on mouse skin. Lee et al (2001) tested the amino-polysaccharide fraction from G. lucidum for the ability to protect against oxidative damage induced by reactive oxygen species and found that this fraction significantly inhibited iron-or iron plus ascorbic acid-induced lipid peroxidation in the rat brain homogenates 64.2% at highest concentration (2 mg/mL) and showed a dose-dependent inactivation of hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions.…”

Comparative Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Two Polyherbal Tablet Formulations (Aujaie and Surangeen) in Rats

“…Approximately 100 µl of 1 % carrageenan suspension (prepared 1 h before each experiment) was injected into the plantar surface of the right hind paw of rat [9,10] and the site of injection was marked.…”

Photomutagenicity of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the US EPA priority pollutant list

“…There is no experimental data on S9-mediated mutagenicity of PAHs inTA102 except for benzo [a]pyrene [27]. In our study, the standard mutagenicity test with 10% S9 was used which followed the method of Maron and Ames [24], where benzo[a]pyrene is usually used as a positive control.…”