Antiphotoaging and Antimelanogenesis Properties of Ginsenoside C‐Y, a Ginsenoside Rb2 Metabolite from American Ginseng PDD‐ginsenoside

Abstract

Ginsenosides are compounds responsible for the primary pharmacological effects of American ginseng. Compound‐Y (C‐Y) is a minor ginsenoside and a metabolite of Panax ginseng. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of ginsenoside UVB‐irradiated NHDFs and its potential for use as an antihyperpigmentation agent through ginsenoside C‐Y as a functional food and cosmetic ingredient. Ginsenoside C‐Y is a natural antioxidant isolated from the American ginseng PDD‐ginsenoside. Our data showed that ginsenoside C‐Y block UVB‐exposed ROS, restrict MMP‐1 production and promote procollagen type I synthesis. Interestingly, ginsenoside C‐Y suppresses UVB‐exposed VEGF, and TNF‐α secretion, could be related with NFAT signal path. Ginsenoside C‐Y has exhibited photoaging effects by increasing TGF‐β1 level, fortifying Nrf2 nuclear translocation and restricting AP‐1 and MAPK phosphorylation. Assessment of the melanogenic response indicated that ginsenoside C‐Y inhibited melanin secretion and tyrosinase activity and decreased melanin content in Melan‐a and zebrafish embryos. These results suggest that ginsenoside C‐Y can be used as a potential botanical agent to protect premature skin from UVB‐induced photodamage and prevent skin hyperpigmentation.

Structural and optical properties of soluble melanin analogues with enhanced photoluminescence quantum efficiency

“…The regions of the observed signals are in agreement with our previous work and the literature. 6,7,[17][18][19] In Fig. 3(a) the signal between 6 and 8.5 ppm is assigned to the protons of the indole structure; the broad signal at 3.5 ppm to the sulfonated groups bonded to oxygen at 5-C and 6-C and to protons of methyl groups bounded to nitrogen.…”

“…It is worth mentioning that the integration of carbon signals is not usual; however, this procedure may be used for a qualitative analysis, in our case, of the DHICA/DHI ratio on melanin samples, as reported elsewhere. 7,8,19,22 XRD analysis was performed in order to investigate the macromolecular structure. As expected it is characterized by a broad peak centered at about 22.5 ± 0.1 ∘ ( Table 2; and Fig.…”

Natural Nrf2 Modulators for Skin Protection

“…Ginsenoside C-Y also blocked UVB-exposed ROS, restricted MMP-1 production, and promoted procollagen type I synthesis. Ginsenoside C-Y increased TGF-β1 level and fortified Nrf2 nuclear translocation and restricted AP-1 and MAPKs phosphorylation [ 96 ].…”

“… Terpenoid compounds activating the Nrf2-mediated pathway [ 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 ]. …”

Potential Applications of Cucurbit[n]urils Inclusion Complexes in Photodynamic Therapy

“…Abs l max /nm Em l max /nm F f t/ns e/M À1 cm À1 Condition [a] MB + 665 [61] 685 [62] 686 [63] 0.03 [61,64] 0.02 [63] 0.52 AE 0.03 [61] 0.370 [62] 0.345 [63] 95,000 (664 nm) [65] MB + @CB [7] 661 [61] 0.22 [61] 0.13 AE 0.01 [31a] 1.49 AE 0.03 [61] AO + 435 [66] 492 [32,66] 450 [67] 550 [66] 535 [66][67] 525 [32] 0.055 [66] 0.041 [66] 0.25 [67] 0.20 [31a] 6.2 [66] 1.7 [66][67] 2.01 AE 0.04 [32] 62,000 (491 nm) [68] pH 12.0 pH 7.0 AO + @CB [7] 485 [32] 508 [32] 0.56 AE 0.02 [p] 3.46 AE 0.02 [32] pH 7.0 RF 450 [69] 370 [69] 530 [35] 0.267 AE 0.01 [70] 0.26 [5] 4.70 [71] 12,200 (450 nm) [72] pH 7.0 RF@CB [7]~380 [71] 532 [71] 0.146…”