Antiurolithiatic Effects of Solanum xanthocarpum Fruit Extract on Ethylene-Glycol-Induced Nephrolithiasis in Rats

Abstract

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Solanum xanthocarpum fruit extract in ethylene-glycol-induced urolithiasis in the male Wistar rats. Nephrolithiasis was induced in male Wistar rats by adding ethylene glycol (0.75%) in drinking water for 28 days. Animals were divided into six groups, each containing six viz. Vehicle control, model control, S. xanthocarpum methanol extract in different doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg p.o., Cystone (750 mg/kg, p.o.) served as a standard. Hyperoxaluria as well as an increase in the excretion of calcium, phosphate, uric acid and decrease in citrate and magnesium in urine, impairment of renal function and oxidative imbalance in kidney were observed in the calculi-induced group. Treatment with S. xanthocarpum decreases hyperoxaluria, calcium, and uric acid, improves renal function, and also produces antioxidant effects. Crystalluria was characterized by excretion calcium oxalate (CaOX) crystals, which were enormous in the lithogenic group but smaller in the drug-treated group. The histology showed that the calculi-induced group had a large deposition of CaOX crystals in kidney while the treated group had trivial and fewer deposits. The result indicates the antiurolithiatic activity of S. xanthocarpum mediated possibly by CaOX crystal inhibition, diuretic, antioxidant and maintaining balance between stone promoter and inhibitor constituents, and this study rationalized its medicinal use in urolithiasis.

Antiurolithiatic Potential of <i>Eleusine indica</i> Linn. (GOOSE GRASS) Root Extract on Ethylene Glycol Induced Nephrolithiasis in Rattus norvegicus (ALBINO RATS)

“…This dried roots were boiled with low heat for about 15 minutes after which the solvent was filtered out and the residue discarded [14]. The filtrate containing the desired extracts was then cooled, poured into a clean bottle and stored in a refrigerator.…”

“…Thirty (30) healthy male albino rats of Rattus norvegicus species which were 5-6 weeks old weighing between 200-250 grams and fed with standard dry pellets and water ad libitum prior to study was bought from the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA), Alabang -Muntinlupa City Philippines [14]. They were then grouped into five (5) test groups (T -, T + , T 1, T 2 and T 3 ) with each group containing six (6) albino rats.…”

“…As advised by veterinarian two albino rats were be put in a single highly ventilated standard rat cage having dimensions of 35.5 cm long, 25.4 cm wide and 12.7 cm high. The cages was then tagged with their test group labels (T -, T + , T 1, T 2 , T 3 ) and arranged in a random blocking set up to ensure equitable distribution of other environmental factors [14]. The rats were then kept under standard condition (25°C ± 2°C) in 12 hours dark and light cycles [15].…”

An Explanation of the Underlying Mechanisms for the In Vitro and In Vivo Antiurolithic Activity of Glechoma longituba

“…Such medicines are considered safe and present minimal or no side effects, and studies [7–9] have indicated that numerous herbs, including Viburnum opulus L. , Desmodium styracifolium , and Solanum xanthocarpum , can be useful antiurolithic agents due to their antioxidant properties. In particular, flavonoids protect the kidney against the damaging effects of ROS, which may be the initial trigger of urolithiasis formation, as stated above.…”

Antinephrolithiatic activity of <i>Persea americana</i> (avocado) and<i> Viburnum opulus</i> (guelder rose) against ethylene glycol-induced nephrolithiasis in rats

“…Herbal treatments were found to be effective on nephrolithiasis in many studies (Patel et al, 2012a;Nizami et al, 2012). The researchers evaluated the efficacy of herbal medication that has been used in their countries for years for the treatment of nephrolithiasis.…”