Antiviral Effect of Guazuma ulmifolia and Stryphnodendron adstringens on Poliovirus and Bovine Herpesvirus

Abstract

Works on antiviral compounds date back to the 1950s, but for several reasons, only a couple of drugs were approved for clinical use about a decade later. To date, many antiviral drugs have been developed after extensive research and demanding trials, some of them with selective mechanisms against viral replication. 1) Although the primary focus has been on synthetic products, the number of natural compounds with antiviral action for different DNA and RNA viruses that are being studied is increasing. Many phytochemical compounds are being investigated based primarily on ethnopharmacologic knowledge and have been considered of great importance in new drug development. 2)Extracts of many plant species, such as Tridax procumbens, Carissa carandas, Mallotus philippensis, Streblus aspere, Terminatta alata, Macaranga pustulata, Sibbaldia micropetala, Hypericum cordifolium, H. uralum and Maesa macrophylla were found to be active against the replication of poliovirus and herpes simplex-1 (HSV-1), with some of them also active against Sindbis virus.3,4) A methanol extract of Annona muricata and aqueous extract of Petunia myctaginiflora were shown to inhibit HSV-1 cytopathic effect in Vero cells, at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. 5)Methanol extracts of Indonesian plants were tested for cytotoxicity and antiviral activity (HSV-1 and poliovirus) in murine and human cell lines. Piper aduncum was found to be active on poliovirus, while Elytranthe tubaeflora and Melastoma malabathricum inhibited HSV-1. 6) Dengue virus was inhibited by an aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica when assayed in mice. 7)Stem bark of Stryphnodendron adstringens (MART.) COV-ILLE, Leguminosae, popularly known in our country as barbatimão, has been empirically used as wound healing, astringent, antimicrobial, antifungal, antidiarrheal and hypoglycemic agents.8) Similarly, Guazuma ulmifolia LAM., Sterculiaceae, popularly known as mutamba, is known to have medicinal properties, such as wound healing, antiulcerogenic, hypoglycemic and antimicrobial. 9) G. ulmifolia aqueous and methanol fractions were found to inhibit HSV-1 replication, respectively, by 16.8% and 4.5%, at a concentration of 100 mg/ml, in a study of various plants. Those showing antiviral activity in vitro were also tested in HSV-1 infected mice. Melaleuca leucadendron and Nephelium lappaceum reduced mortality and delayed the appearance of lesions. 10)Among plant antiviral compounds, anthraquinones found in Aloe barbadensis inhibited HSV-1, HSV-2, varicela-zoster, pseudorabies and influenza.11) Stevia rebaudiana polysaccharides inhibited adsorption of human rotavirus in MA-104 cells.12) Flavonoids present in Troillius chinensis flowers also inhibited parainfluenza in HEp-2 cells.13) Quassia africana extracts were tested for HSV-1, coxsackie B2, polio-1, measles, Semliki Forest virus and vesicular stomatitis virus, where simalikalactone D was found to be responsible for the antiviral effect.14) Anagyrine, oxymatrine, sophoranol, wogonin and oroxylin found in Sophora flavescens and Scutellaria b...

In vitro anti-herpetic activity of an aqueous extract from the plant Phyllanthus orbicularis

“…1). These results are consistent with studies on the antiviral activity of this and other plant extracts (Cheng et al 2004;del Barrio and Parra 2000;Felipe et al 2006). As this may have been due to the ability of some constituents present in the aqueous extract to directly inactivate viral particles, we carried out virucidal assays.…”

Inhibition of equine arteritis virus by an antimicrobial peptide produced by Bacillus sp. P34

“…The antiviral activity was expressed as the percent of inhibition (PI), adapted from Felipe et al (2006), using antilogarithmic tissue culture infective dose (TCID 50 ) values as follows: PI = [1-(antilogarithmic test value/antilogarithmic control value)] x 100. The peptide concentration preventing the cytopathic effect induced by the virus in 50% was defined as the 50% effective concentration (EC 50 ).…”

Antibacterial and modulatory effect ofStryphnodendron rotundifolium

“…Species of this genus are utilized in popular medicine for leukorrhea and gynecologic problems, as an antibacterial, antihemorrhagic, antihypertensive or antiulcerogenic, for diarrhea and inflammatory processes, as an astringent, antiseptic or diuretic and for cleansing and healing of wounds, especially in the form of a decoction (Vasconcelos et al, 2004;Souza et al, 2007). The biological studies of the genus show that Stryphnodendron has several activities: antimicrobial (Sanches et al, 2005), antiulcer (Rodrigues et al, 2008), antiviral (Felipe et al, 2006), trypanocidal (Holetz et al, 2005) and against Candida albicans (Ishida et al, 2006).…”