Apparatus and technique involved in a laboratory method of detecting the addictiveness of drugs

Headlee, Cecil P.; Coppock, Harold W.; Nichols, John R.

doi:10.1002/jps.3030440415

Cited by 49 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Wikler and O’Brien (Wikler 1948; O’Brien et al 1977) observed that long after acute physical withdrawal symptoms subsided in a treatment setting, detoxified heroin addicts began to experience physical withdrawal symptoms and craving when exposed to drug-associated stimuli. Groundbreaking operant drug self-administration studies were performed under the assumption that morphine self-administration would not be sustained in animals unless they were first made physically dependent (Spragg 1940; Headlee et al 1955; Weeks 1962; Thompson & Schuster 1964). …”

Section: Historical Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

REVIEW: Acute withdrawal, protracted abstinence and negative affect in alcoholism: are they linked?

et al. 2010

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The role of withdrawal-related phenomena in development and maintenance of alcohol addiction remains under debate. A “self-medication” framework postulates that emotional changes are induced by a history of alcohol use, persist into abstinence, and are a major factor in maintaining alcoholism. This view initially focused on negative emotional states during early withdrawal: these are pronounced, occur in the vast majority of alcohol dependent patients, and are characterized by depressed mood and elevated anxiety. This concept lost popularity with the realization that, in most patients, these symptoms abate over 3 – 6 weeks of abstinence, while relapse risk persists long beyond this period. More recently, animal data have established that a prolonged history of alcohol dependence induces more subtle neuroadaptations. These confer altered emotional processing that persists long into protracted abstinence. The resulting behavioral phenotype is characterized by excessive voluntary alcohol intake and increased behavioral sensitivity to stress. Emerging human data support the clinical relevance of negative emotionality for protracted abstinence and relapse. These developments prompt a series of research questions: 1) Are processes observed during acute withdrawal, while transient in nature, mechanistically related to those that remain during protracted abstinence? 2) Is susceptibility to negative emotionality in acute withdrawal in part due to heritable factors, similar to what animal models have indicated for susceptibility to physical aspects of withdrawal? 3) To what extent is susceptibility to negative affect that persists into protracted abstinence heritable?

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Section: Historical Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

REVIEW: Acute withdrawal, protracted abstinence and negative affect in alcoholism: are they linked?

et al. 2010

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“…Additionally, it had been demonstrated that contingently delivered i.p. injections of codeine or morphine could control simple behaviors in dependent rats (Headlee et al 1955). In a preliminary and largely observational study (AhlgrenBeckendorf et al 1998), we demonstrated that responsecontingent i.p.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Reinforcing effects of contingently administered subcutaneous injections of etonitazene in rats

Gomez

Meisch

2000

Psychopharmacology

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This study demonstrates that response-contingent s.c. injections of a drug can control behavior in rats, systematically replicating a previous experiment that used the i.p. route. Since all pertinent operant behavior is emitted prior to the administration of drug, this procedure can be used for testing the reinforcing effects of a drug without interference from any direct (rate-altering) drug effects. The present findings also extend the conditions under which drugs of abuse may reinforce behavior.

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“…active substance-seeking behavior, reinforcement, tolerance, and withdrawal (see, e.g., [52], [119], [122]). In addition to being exceedingly convenient for the purposes of conducting experimental research on addiction, the fact that we share such a complex trait with a relatively distant cousin in the animal kingdom suggests strongly that there is something deeply innate and biological about drug addiction.…”

Section: Opiates and Opioidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biased or false subjective "beliefs" of the sort implied by our subjective function e vt may provide one source of such inconsistency. 52 Between 1965 and 1990, for example, smoking among U.S. adults declined from 40% to 29% [115]. 53 Though the "self-medication" role for psychotropic substances remains controversial, few would argue that the pain-relieving function of drugs such as morphine has not proved beneficial in the practice of modern medicine.…”

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confidence: 99%

A theory of natural addiction

Smith

Tasnádi

2007

Games and Economic Behavior

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Economic theories of rational addiction aim to describe consumer behavior in the presence of habit-forming goods. We provide a biological foundation for this body of work by formally specifying conditions under which it is optimal to form a habit. We demonstrate the empirical validity of our thesis with an in-depth review and synthesis of the biomedical literature concerning the action of opiates in the mammalian brain and their effects on behavior. Our results lend credence to many of the unconventional behavioral assumptions employed by theories of rational addiction, including adjacent complementarity and the importance of cues, attention, and self-control in determining the behavior of addicts. Our approach suggests, however, that addiction is "harmful" only when the addict fails to implement the optimal solution. We offer evidence for the special case of the opiates that harmful addiction is the manifestation of a mismatch between behavioral algorithms encoded in the human genome and the expanded menu of choices-generated for example, by advances in drug delivery technology-faced by consumers in the modern world.

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Apparatus and technique involved in a laboratory method of detecting the addictiveness of drugs

Cited by 49 publications

References 2 publications

REVIEW: Acute withdrawal, protracted abstinence and negative affect in alcoholism: are they linked?

REVIEW: Acute withdrawal, protracted abstinence and negative affect in alcoholism: are they linked?

Reinforcing effects of contingently administered subcutaneous injections of etonitazene in rats

A theory of natural addiction

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