Application Component Placement in NFV-Based Hybrid Cloud/Fog Systems With Mobile Fog Nodes

Abstract

Fog computing reduces the latency induced by distant clouds by enabling the deployment of some application components at the edge of the network, on fog nodes, while keeping others in the cloud. Application components can be implemented as Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) and their execution sequences can be modeled by a combination of sub-structures like sequence, parallel, selection, and loops. Efficient placement algorithms are required to map the application components onto the infrastructure nodes. Current solutions do not consider the mobility of fog nodes, a phenomenon which may happen in real systems. In this paper, we use the random waypoint mobility model for fog nodes to calculate the expected makespan and application execution cost. We then model the problem as an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) formulation which minimizes an aggregated weighted function of the makespan and cost. We propose a Tabu Search-based Component Placement (TSCP) algorithm to find sub-optimal placements. The results show that the proposed algorithm improves the makespan and the application execution cost.

An IoT Platform-as-a-Service for NFV-Based Hybrid Cloud/Fog Systems

“…It exposes a REST API implemented as a Flask web app to the Results Displayer (on the cloud) and to the Parade Footage Analyzer. 6 /lology.com/blog/easy-real-time-gender-age-prediction-from-webcamvideo-with-keras/ Fig. 6.…”

“…Provisioning applications that span the cloud and fogs requires novel functions such as application graph generation, which are absent from existing cloud PaaS solutions. These applications are composed of a set of components that interact with different sub-structures such as sequence, parallel, selection, and loop structures [6]. Such applications must be modeled as graphs with these sub-structures, and chains need to be created between the components to define the relationship between them.…”

Efficient Application Deployment in Fog-enabled Infrastructures

“…Mouradian et al [20] have proposed an ILP formulation for the IoT application component placement problem in Network Function Virtualization (NFV)-based fog-cloud systems aiming to minimize cost and makespan. In [21], the VNF placement and user traffic routing problem has been addressed to minimize delay while respecting the limitation of resource capacity and delay requirements.…”

“…The hybrid fog-cloud infrastructure is modeled as a directed graph G = (V, E), wherein V is the set of cloud nodes, fog nodes, and switches, and E is the set of links among the infrastructure nodes. We denote the set of cloud nodes, fog nodes, and switches by V C , V F , and V S , respectively, and we define [20] Minimizing costs and time [21] Minimizing delay [22] Minimizing the maximum costs [23] Minimizing cost and delay [25] Seven different objective function This paper Maximizing profit Ωn and Γn, respectively. In addition, fog nodes can serve a limited number of associated end devices depending on the technology they use [25].…”

“…The specifications of application services were based on Smart City applications studied in [25], [27]. The traffic processing capability of each application was chosen randomly between [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Mbps. The Uniform [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] value of the R a,s n parameter was randomly set to one.…”