“…Among the several substrates, wastewater is a resource-rich medium that MFCs may handle. Several reports have been published on the direct generation of electricity from complex organic wastewater, including municipal, swine wastewater, dairy wastewater, slaughterhouse wastewater, rice mill wastewater, tannery wastewater, cassava mill wastewater, molasses wastewater, refinery wastewater, brewery wastewater, winery wastewater, chemical wastewater, sulfide-rich wastewater, landfill leachate, food waste leachate, azo dye, and solid substrates such as rice straw [ 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ]. MFCs can also simultaneously remove sulfide and nitrate from synthetic wastewater and sulfate–sulfide-rich wastewaters [ 53 ].…”