“…Modern real-world systems are generally characterized by complicated nonlinear and multi-variable dynamics with various uncertainties such as parametric perturbations, unmodeled dynamics, measurement noises, linearization and approximation errors, and external disturbances. 1 For example, see vessel dynamic positioning system, 2 robot manipulator, 3 DC-DC power converter, 4 missile system, 5 spacecraft, 6 permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), 7 hard-disk drive, 8 magnetic levitation (MAGLEV) suspension transportation vehicle, 9,10 and many more practical systems. These uncompensated uncertainties need to be treated properly otherwise they may become detrimental to the desired control performances which could further lead to system instability.…”