Application of plug-in electric vehicles to frequency regulation based on distributed signal acquisition via limited communication

Abstract

For application of a large number of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) to system frequency regulation, a distributed acquisition approach based on consensus filtering is proposed, where frequency-measuring function is performed only at distribution substations. Limited communication between neighboring PEVs/distribution substations can facilitate consistent and accurate acquisition of frequency deviation signals for all PEVs. Considering the battery charging/discharging characteristics, a dynamic PEV model with feedback control is further proposed and integrated with frequency regulation based on distributed acquisition. Asymptotical stabilities of distributed acquisition and system frequency regulation are analyzed. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach can provide consistent and accurate control signals for a large number of PEVs and obtain better regulation than general decentralized control in terms of eliminating noise, improving robustness and reducing device costs.

Sustainable Transportation with Electric Vehicles

“…Flattening power load is further demonstrated to be effective to improve energy efficiency and power loss of the power grid [6]. The second thread is frequency regulation and example studies include [31,32,33,34,35]. A gap between power supply and demand on the power grid causes the grid frequency to deviate from its nominal value, and the goal of frequency regulation is to reduce this gap.…”

Modeling and Analysis of a DC Electrical System and Controllers for Implementation of a Grid-Interactive Building

“…In addition, controlling the input power of PEV batteries has been widely studied to provide ancillary services to AC or DC microgrids and distribution networks. For example, the response of PEVs to frequency control signals was investigated in [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Specifically, a proportional controller and a high-pass filter were used to adjust the PEV input power in [16,17], respectively, to reduce the battery power capacity required for a stabilized frequency control.…”

Bidding Strategy for Aggregators of Electric Vehicles in Day-Ahead Electricity Markets

“…For example, optimal dispatch and control approaches for EVs are discussed in [8][9][10][11]; the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) potentials of EVs in energy trading and ancillary services are studied in [12][13][14][15][16]; the coordination of EVs and the volatile renewable energy sources are examined in [17][18][19][20]; the impacts of flexible EVs on generation expansion planning [21,22]; the EV (2) It has been confirmed that battery discharging has a negative impact on the battery life [34,35], and this means that the EV customer will suffer from extra economic loss than in the ordinary charging mode without V2G, if no compensation is provided. The degradation process of EV batteries are modeled in detail and analyzed based on factors such as the driving patterns of EVs, impacts of the depth-of-discharge and ambient temperatures in [35,36].…”