Application of the Concept of Nuclear ud Pair Clusters

Abstract

In a previous paper, the author of this paper presented a model in which it was proposed that the nuclei consist of clusters of ud pairs, where u and d are u quark and d quark, respectively. In this paper, the author has used the model in elucidating several phenomena, such as binding of u and d in ud by the exchange of electron-positron pairs or photons between them, energy of the exchanged photons, nature of forces between u and d, interaction of energetic photons with nuclear ud pairs, existence of nuclear quadrupole moment, creation of dark matter via simultaneous increase of h and decrease of c as the universe expands, etc.

Formation of Elements and Compounds in Space in Early Universe

“…For example, such collisions between d quarks and ud pairs would be highly probable because both the species are oppositely charged. It was previously deduced (Bhuiyan, 2016) that in the ud pair the u quark is bonded to the d quark through a double bond. Each bond is constituted by an electronposition pair in which the electron is donated from the outermost layer of a d quark and the positron is donated from the outermost layer of a u quark Therefore, the interaction of an isolated d quark with an isolated ud pair may be described as follows.…”

“…Due to high density of the particles in the early universe, a u quark might undergo inelastic collision with a d quark to produce a ud pair; thus u + d → ud (3) The two quarks in the ud pair are bonded to each other through a double bond (Bhuiyan, 2016), for which these pairs might polymerize to form the polymers (-u-d-) x of nuclei as follows. The charge on a ud pair is +1/3.…”

“…As soon as the quarks had appeared, they started to cluster in pairs. These clusters then started to form atomic nuclei (Bhuiyan, 2013;Bhuiyan, 2016). But u quarks and d quarks are composed of electron-positron pairs (Bhuiyan, 2016), suggesting that electron-positron pairs had appeared before the appearance of quarks.…”

“…These clusters then started to form atomic nuclei (Bhuiyan, 2013;Bhuiyan, 2016). But u quarks and d quarks are composed of electron-positron pairs (Bhuiyan, 2016), suggesting that electron-positron pairs had appeared before the appearance of quarks. Since photons are annihilation products of electron-positron pairs, both photons and electron-Positron pairs appeared simultaneously, showing that all objects were transformed into photons in reversible equilibrium with electron-positron pairs at the end of the period of contraction, or at the beginning of the period of expansion, of the universe.…”

“…On further cooling, the photons start loosing more kinetic energy to dark matter and simultaneously the electron-positron pairs start forming u quarks and d quarks (Bhuiyan, 2016). Starting with u quarks and d quarks, the chains of formation of different nuclei are now described in the following sections.…”