Applications and opportunities of supercritical fluid extraction in food processing technologies: A review

Abstract

The food industry is always in search of best processing technologies to achieve a natural compound with maximum purity. An increase in interest of functional food has brought a sharp rise demand of naturally occurring compounds achieved via natural processes. The traditional solvent extraction processes have shown certain limitations; such as flammability, toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and limited recovery. The studies on costeffective and eco-friendly processes are still limited. This review focuses on an innovative, environmentally clean tool for food processing technologies and their role in improving food sustainability. Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) technique, however, is already in use for more than 40 years by academia and industries. This can be a successful tool for food processing and can be used for the extraction of selective components. Development of a sustainable and environmentally clean process to achieve natural ingredients is an area undergoing intense studies in food science. Here, we discuss principle applications of SFE to extract natural ingredients from different food materials and by-products. A supercritical fluid is non-flammable, nontoxic, eco-friendly and easily recoverable. These can be easily eliminated from the extract by altering the pressure and temperature conditions. Supercritical fluids are preferred method of extraction from solid samples, different fractional liquids and for chromatographic separations. The cost of SFE is competitive, moreover, in some cases, SFE is the only way to achieve product satisfaction. The design and development of analytical and industrial plants are reviewed. An overview of commercial applications and illustrations of recent development describes new horizons for SFE in food processing industries.

A short review of green extraction technologies for rice bran oil

“…Interest in supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and in particular in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) extraction has grown over the last four decades. After the first industrial applications in the decaffeination and beer production fields, it has evolved into a green, environmental friendly process, especially for food industries [98,99]. SFE utilizes fluids at temperatures and pressures that are above their critical points, with high densities, low viscosities, and diffusivities that fall between gases and liquids.…”

“…Researchers started working on RBO extraction almost 40 years ago [102]; however, it is only more recently that they have begun to focus on the concentration of antioxidants, such as γ-oryzanol, in the extracts. ; when the fluid is above the critical temperature and pressure it is called a "supercritical fluid" [98,101] Most of the works focused on the optimization of the scCO 2 of RBO analyzing temperature, pressure, CO 2 flow, extraction time, and raw material size as the principal variables. These operative conditions were investigated considering different instrumental configurations, in order to find the best compromise between the extraction yield, product quality, and operational cost of the process [104].…”

Mathematical and computationalmodeling of migrations, population spread, and Location-dependent carrying capacities

“…He made an educated prediction as to how many people would someday reside in Belgium using facts. He gave the solution's graph the name "logistic curve," which is a translation of the Greek term for "calculating [18,19]. " Verhulst was the first to accurately analyze the impact of factors like obstacles on the expansion of the human population [1,14] When it comes to explaining ideas about how solutions behave, particularly the concept of a constant balancing point, the logistic equation is highly useful [5,22,23].…”