Applying Critical Race Theory (CRT) and Intersectionality to Address the Needs of African American Crossover Girls

An Empirical Test of Dual System Pathways

“…Table 6 displays the descriptive findings for gender and race and ethnicity across the empirically derived pathways. Like previous research, a higher proportion of female and Black youth fell into pathways with higher levels of child welfare involvement (Baidawi et al, 2021; Halemba & Siegel, 2011; Herz, et al, 2019b; Herz et al, 2021b; Kolivoski, 2022). Female youth were twice as likely to have the highest level of child welfare involvement (H 3 CW-AD) compared to the LCW-CD pathway (38.5% vs. 19.6%, respectively), and the rates for Black youth increased in all three high child welfare involvement clusters relative to the low child welfare involvement pathways.…”

“…Disparities for Black youth are widely documented in juvenile justice research across all processing stages (Hockenberry, 2022). Explanations for these findings include implicit and systemic biases built into decision making, leading to a historical perception that Black youth present a higher risk to public safety than their White counterparts (Kolivoski, 2022). Higher recidivism rates for Black youth may also be related to higher levels of supervision in the system and differential levels of law enforcement in their neighborhoods (Jahn et al, 2022; Sampson & Lauritsen, 1997; H. C.A.…”

“…Increasingly, it appears that gender and race plays a particularly important role in dual system experiences, but it has not been fully explored (Baidawi et al, 2021; Herz, et al, 2019b, 2021b; Kolivoski, 2022). It is particularly important to consider the intersectionality of identity, which was beyond the scope of the current study.…”

“…This is a notable shortcoming given recent studies showing that approximately two thirds of juvenile justice populations have dual system involvement, and that these young people are more likely to be female and Black than those in the juvenile justice system alone (Halemba & Siegel, 2011; Herz, et al, 2019b, 2021b). The rate of female youth in dual system populations often exceeds that in the juvenile justice system alone, and the level of overrepresentation is consistently higher for Black youth in dual system populations compared to rates in each system individually (Dierkhising et al, 2018; Goodkind et al, 2013; Halemba & Siegel, 2011; Kolivoski, 2022; Marshall & Haight, 2014; Ryan et al, 2011). In descriptive studies, female youth often represent one third to slightly less than one half of dual system youth, whereas only 29% of juvenile arrests involve female youth nationwide (Erhmann et al, 2019).…”

From Childhood System Contact to Adult Criminal Conviction: Investigating Intersectional Inequalities using Queensland Administrative Data

“…Since the influence of factors such as sex and race/ethnicity cannot be disentangled, if we explore these facets independently, we risk masking important intragroup differences (Lorenz & Hayes, 2020). An emerging body of research has demonstrated the value of exploring intersectional distinctions in offending patterns (Broidy et al, 2015;Bell, 2013), experiences of child maltreatment (Jones et al, 2021), relationships between child maltreatment and youth offending (Baidawi et al, 2021;Goodkind et al, 2013;Kolivoski, 2022), and the relationship between childhood experiences and adult violent or antisocial behaviour (Augustyn & Jackson, 2020;Jones et al, 2021). However, this area of research is still in its infancy, and there is much still to be learned, not least how best to identify and measure such intersectional effects.…”