Apportionment of Sources to Determine Vehicular Emission Factors of BTEX in Kolkata, India

Abstract

A yearlong (December 2003 to February 2005 monitoring program was undertaken for urban roadside measurement of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, m-and p-xylene, and o-xylene (BTEX) at three different sites of Kolkata, India. The concentrations of monoaromatic hydrocarbons were found to be sufficiently high. Chemical mass balance model was applied to identify the sources and estimate their percentage contribution. Vehicular exhaust emission was found to be the dominant source of the target compounds and contributed 38.8-44.8% toward total volatile organic compound (VOC) level. Assuming that the vehicular exhaust fraction of the ambient BTEX level was due to the vehicular activity in the adjacent road of the monitoring site, vehicular emission factors for individual VOCs were estimated by running CALINE4 dispersion model in an inverse way. The total emission factor, average for all vehicles, was found to be in the range of 9.1 to 43.1 mg vehicle −1 km −1 for BTEX. From the measured vehicular composition during sampling, the category-wise emission factors for light-duty vehicles (LDVs), medium-duty (MDVs), and heavyduty vehicles (HDVs), were also estimated by constrained nonlinear regression analysis. The emission factor of benzene for heavy, medium, and light vehicles was found to be 13.4, 21.0, and 31.2 mg vehicle −1 km −1 respectively.

A Review on Anthropogenic Biomass Burning: Emission of Aerosol Pollutants, Impact on Climate Change, Human Health and its Mitigation Strategies

“…In another interesting study, estimation of ambient concentration in Chennai city was also recorded as 7 tonnes/day of particulate matter [81]. Commonly, there was a link in standard assessment at a specific places prone to traffic flow or drift, conformation and intensity indicators [82][83][84][85][86][87][88]. Measured exposed concentrations of mean values derived from 60 data sets were found to be particulate and black carbon as 190 µg/m 3 and 42 µg/m 3 , respectively, with 280 × 10 3 particles/cm 3 , respectively [89].…”