Arabidopsis TCH4, Regulated by Hormones and the Environment, Encodes a Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylase

Wang, Xu; Purugganan, Mary M.; Polisensky, Diana H.; Antosiewicz, Danuta Maria; Fry, Stephen C.; Braam, Janet

doi:10.2307/3870019

Cited by 81 publications

(136 citation statements)

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“…It was therefore of interest to investigate whether xyloglucan chains undergo transglycosylation in the walls of living plant cells. Xyloglucan endotransglycosylases (XETs) are widespread in land plants [13][14][15][16][17][18][19], and numerous correlations between XET activity and wall loosening have been noted [5,7,[20][21][22][23][24]. XET cuts a xyloglucan chain (donor substrate)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xyloglucan undergoes interpolymeric transglycosylation during binding to the plant cell wall in vivo: evidence from 13C/3H dual labelling and isopycnic centrifugation in caesium trifluoroacetate

Thompson

Smith

Fry

1997

Biochemical Journal

105

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Xyloglucan from the walls of Rosa cells that had been cultured on [12C]- or [13C]-glucose formed bands in caesium trifluoroacetate with mean buoyant densities of 1.575 or 1.616 g/ml respectively. Incubation of a mixture of [13C,3H]xyloglucan and [12C,1H]xyloglucan in the presence of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) activity caused the mean buoyant density of the radioactive material to decrease, indicating that interpolymeric transglycosylation could be detected in vitro. We used two 13C/3H-dual-labelling protocols to look for interpolymeric transglycosylation in vivo. In protocol A, [13C]glucose-grown Rosa cells were transferred into [12C]glucose medium 6 h after a ≈ 2 h pulse of L-[1-3H]arabinose (which radiolabels the xylose residues of xyloglucan). The mean buoyant density of the wall-bound [3H]xyloglucan decreased during the following 7 days in culture. This indicates that, during or after the wall-binding of newly synthesized [12C,1H]xyloglucan, it became covalently attached to previously wall-bound [13C,3H]xyloglucan. In protocol B, [12C]glycerol- or [12C]glucose-grown Rosa cells were transferred into [13C]glucose medium, 20 or 60 min before a ≈ 2 h pulse of [3H]arabinose. The buoyant density of the earliest wall-bound [3H]xyloglucan showed that it had a 12C/13C ratio of ~ 1:1. This indicates that, during (or, implausibly, before) wall-binding, the newly synthesized [13C,3H]xyloglucan became covalently attached to previously synthesized [12C]xyloglucan. During the following 7 days in culture, the mean buoyant density of the [3H]xyloglucan increased, showing that later-synthesized [13C,1H]xyloglucan can be covalently attached to previously wall-bound [12C,13C,3H]xyloglucan. The only known mechanism by which segments of xyloglucans could become covalently attached to each other in the cell wall is by interpolymeric transglycosylation catalysed by XET. We conclude that XET-catalysed interpolymeric transglycosylation accompanies, and probably causes, the integration of newly secreted xyloglucan into the cell-wall architecture.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xyloglucan undergoes interpolymeric transglycosylation during binding to the plant cell wall in vivo: evidence from 13C/3H dual labelling and isopycnic centrifugation in caesium trifluoroacetate

Thompson

Smith

Fry

1997

Biochemical Journal

105

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“…Kauschmann et al (1996) originally found that cbb1 (dwf1-6) could be rescued by exogenous application of brassinosteroids, suggesting that cbb1 (dwf1-6) is defective in brassinosteroid biosynthesis. They also analyzed the expression of genes known to be involved in cell elongation, such as ␥-tonoplast intrinsic protein (␥-TIP) (Hö fte et al, 1992;Phillips and Huttly, 1994), and cell wall-modifying enzymes such as xyloglucan endotransglycosylases, including TOUCH4 (TCH4) (Xu et al, 1995) and MERI5 (Medford et al, 1991). The steady-state mRNA levels of TCH4 and MERI5 were lowered, whereas the expression of ␥-TIP was increased in the cbb mutants.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Arabidopsis dwarf1 Mutant Is Defective in the Conversion of 24-Methylenecholesterol to Campesterol in Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis1

et al. 1999

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Since the isolation and characterization of dwarf1-1 (dwf1-1) from a T-DNA insertion mutant population, phenotypically similar mutants, including deetiolated2 (det2), constitutive photomorphogenesis and dwarfism (cpd ), brassinosteroid insensitive1 (bri1), and dwf4, have been reported to be defective in either the biosynthesis or the perception of brassinosteroids. We present further characterization of dwf1-1 and additional dwf1 alleles. Feeding tests with brassinosteroid-biosynthetic intermediates revealed that dwf1 can be rescued by 22␣-hydroxycampesterol and downstream intermediates in the brassinosteroid pathway. Analysis of the endogenous levels of brassinosteroid intermediates showed that 24-methylenecholesterol in dwf1 accumulates to 12 times the level of the wild type, whereas the level of campesterol is greatly diminished, indicating that the defective step is in C-24 reduction. Furthermore, the deduced amino acid sequence of DWF1 shows significant similarity to a flavin adenine dinucleotide-binding domain conserved in various oxidoreductases, suggesting an enzymatic role for DWF1. In support of this, 7 of 10 dwf1 mutations directly affected the flavin adenine dinucleotide-binding domain. Our molecular characterization of dwf1 alleles, together with our biochemical data, suggest that the biosynthetic defect in dwf1 results in reduced synthesis of bioactive brassinosteroids, causing dwarfism.T-DNA-insertion mutagenesis has proven to be useful for the isolation of many important genes controlling plant growth and development (Choe and Feldmann, 1998). The Arabidopsis dwarf1 (dwf1) mutant was originally isolated from a T-DNA mutant population, and was the first mutant shown to cosegregate with the selectable marker in the T-DNA (Feldmann et al., 1989). The dwf1 mutant was identified because of its short stature, dark-green leaves, reduced fertility, and robust stems when grown in the light. Physiologically, dwf1 was not rescued by any of the known growth-promoting phytohormones such as GA 3 or auxin (Feldmann et al., 1989). Using the plant DNA flanking the T-DNA as a probe, DWF1 was cloned and sequenced (accession no. U12400).Independently, Takahashi et al. (1995) isolated a morphologically similar mutant, diminuto (dim), from a different T-DNA mutant collection. Cloning and sequencing revealed that dim is disrupted in the DWF1 sequence, indicating that it is an allele of dwf1. One year later, Kauschmann et al. (1996) isolated another allele of DWF1 from a transposon-tagged population. They identified three tiny mutants named cabbage1, cabbage2, and cabbage3 (cbb1, cbb2, and cbb3). Altmann et al. (1995) found the sequence of genomic DNA flanking the transposon in cbb1 to be identical to that of DWF1. Kauschmann et al. (1996) originally found that cbb1 (dwf1-6) could be rescued by exogenous application of brassinosteroids, suggesting that cbb1 (dwf1-6) is defective in brassinosteroid biosynthesis. They also analyzed the expression of genes known to be involved in cell elongation, such as ␥-tonoplast intri...

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“…If whole plants had been used the treatments could potentially have generated secondary signals in the leaves that might have influenced root gene expression. No significant induction or reduction in GUS activity could be measured following 24 h exposure to the auxin IAA or the cytokinin BAP at physiologically relevant concentrations (50 μM each, Xu et al 1995) whilst gibberellic acid at the same concentration caused a 33% increase in promoter activity (P = 0.04; Fig. 5).…”

Section: Activity Of the Slreo Promoter In Mature Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The promoter from SlREO, a highly-expressed, root-specific Solanum lycopersicum gene, directs expression to cortex of mature roots

Jones

Manning

Andrews

et al. 2008

Functional Plant Biol.

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Original citation: Jones, M. O., et al. (2008). The promoter from SlREO, a highly-expressed, root-specific Solanum lycopersicum gene, directs expression to cortex of mature roots. Functional Plant Biology, 35(12), pp.1224Biology, 35(12), pp. -1233 Permanent WRAP url: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/381 Copyright and reuse:The Warwick Research Archive Portal (WRAP) makes this work of researchers of the University of Warwick available open access under the following conditions. Copyright © and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable the material made available in WRAP has been checked for eligibility before being made available.Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-forprofit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. Publisher's statement:http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/FP08139 A note on versions:The version presented here may differ from the published version or, version of record, if you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the 'permanent WRAP url' above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription.

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Arabidopsis TCH4, Regulated by Hormones and the Environment, Encodes a Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylase

Cited by 81 publications

References 48 publications

Xyloglucan undergoes interpolymeric transglycosylation during binding to the plant cell wall in vivo: evidence from 13C/3H dual labelling and isopycnic centrifugation in caesium trifluoroacetate

Xyloglucan undergoes interpolymeric transglycosylation during binding to the plant cell wall in vivo: evidence from 13C/3H dual labelling and isopycnic centrifugation in caesium trifluoroacetate

The Arabidopsis dwarf1 Mutant Is Defective in the Conversion of 24-Methylenecholesterol to Campesterol in Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis1

The promoter from SlREO, a highly-expressed, root-specific Solanum lycopersicum gene, directs expression to cortex of mature roots

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