Arabinogalactan protein and wall-associated kinase in a plasmalemmal reticulum with specialized vertices

Gens, J. Scott; Fujiki, Masaaki; Pickard, Barbara G.

doi:10.1007/bf01279353

Cited by 72 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(68 reference statements)

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“…The transformants were streaked on YPDA and SD/-Leu/-His/-Trp/-Ade/X-a-Gal medium respectively. The plates were incubated at 30°C for 3 days for examination the WAK1 antibody as a probe revealed immunologically related proteins in pea (Pisum sativum), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and maize (Zea mays) (He et al 1996;Gens et al 2000). Expressed sequence tags for WAK-like genes have been identified in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and soybean (Glycine max).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel wall-associated receptor-like protein kinase gene, OsWAK1, plays important roles in rice blast disease resistance

et al. 2008

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Wall-associated protein kinases (WAKs) are a new group of receptor-like kinases (RLK) recently identified in Arabidopsis. A cDNA encoding a novel WAK was isolated from rice and was named OsWAK1 (Oryza sativa WAK). The deduced amino acid sequence of OsWAK1 showed 27.6% identity to WAK2 from Arabidopsis. OsWAK1 not only has the ability of autophosphorylation but also can phosphorylate OsRFP1, a putative transcription regulator recently identified in rice. OsRFP1 strongly interacts with the kinase domain of OsWAK1. This demonstrated that OsWAK1 is a functional protein kinase. A fusion protein of OsWAK1 with GFP was found to be localized on the cell surface. Plasmolysis experiments further revealed OsWAK1 is associated with the cell wall. Northern blotting analysis showed that infection of the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae significantly induced the OsWAK1 transcripts, and the accumulation of OsWAK1 mRNA occurred earlier and was more abundant in rice leaves infected with an incompatible race than with a compatible race of the blast fungus. OsWAK1 was also induced after treatment by mechanical wounding, SA and MeJA, but not by ABA. These results imply that OsWAK1 is a novel gene involved in plant defense. Furthermore, six transgenic rice lines with constitutive expression of OsWAK1 became resistant to the compatible race. However, OsWAK1 expression was undetectable in leaves, stems and flowers but very weak in roots under normal growth conditions. This provides functional evidence that induction of OsWAK1 as a novel RLK plays important roles in plant disease resistance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel wall-associated receptor-like protein kinase gene, OsWAK1, plays important roles in rice blast disease resistance

et al. 2008

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“…They could be involved in gravisensing by perceiving the deformation between the cell wall and the plasma membrane. Gens et al (2000) hypothesized the existence of an architectural organization involving WAK, arabinogalactan proteins (AGP) at the interface between cytoplasm and cell wall. Several studies also showed the upregulation of AGP in response to gravistimulation (Lafarguette et al, 2004; Azri et al, 2014).…”

Section: Identification Of Cellular and Molecular Actors In Gravisensmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies also showed the upregulation of AGP in response to gravistimulation (Lafarguette et al, 2004; Azri et al, 2014). This “plasmalemmal reticulum” could play a critical role in mechanosensing and possibly gravisensing (Gens et al, 2000). More recently, it has been shown that mechanosensitive channels including MCA2 could be also involved in gravisensing (Monshausen and Haswell, 2013; Iida et al, 2014).…”

Section: Identification Of Cellular and Molecular Actors In Gravisensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gravity sensing, a largely misunderstood trigger of plant orientated growth

et al. 2014

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Gravity is a crucial environmental factor regulating plant growth and development. Plants have the ability to sense a change in the direction of gravity, which leads to the re-orientation of their growth direction, so-called gravitropism. In general, plant stems grow upward (negative gravitropism), whereas roots grow downward (positive gravitropism). Models describing the gravitropic response following the tilting of plants are presented and highlight that gravitropic curvature involves both gravisensing and mechanosensing, thus allowing to revisit experimental data. We also discuss the challenge to set up experimental designs for discriminating between gravisensing and mechanosensing. We then present the cellular events and the molecular actors known to be specifically involved in gravity sensing.

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“…There is some evidence to suggest AtGRP3 could be a ligand for the WAK1 receptor (Park et al 2001). There may also be an association between AGPs and WAKs, based on the co-localisation of AGP-epitopes and WAK1 in immunofluoresence studies (Gens et al 2000). Signal inputs, arrows pointing towards the nucleus; signal outputs, arrows pointing towards wall.…”

Section: The Cell Wall-plasma Membrane-cytoskeleton Continuummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mounting evidence indicates that AGPs have a specific function during root formation, the promotion of somatic embryogenesis, pollen tube guidance, alternation between sporophytic and gametophytic transitions in the ovules, resistance to root-dependent transformation by Agrobacterium, hormone signalling and xylem differentiation/vascular function in Zinnia and Arabidopsis (Seifert and Roberts 2007). Physical connections between the wall and the PM were originally inferred from microscopic observations of the presence of AGPs as a fuzzy 'glycocalyx' occupying the PM-wall interface (Roberts 1990) and then as discrete connections (Hechtian strands), particularly in plasmolysed cells upon salt stress Gens et al 2000;Lamport et al 2006;Pickard 2008). Since AGPs were know to be highly water soluble protoeglycans it was unclear how they might fulfill this role.…”

Section: The Cell Wall-plasma Membrane-cytoskeleton Continuummentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant cell walls: the skeleton of the plant world

Doblin

Pettolino

Bacic

2010

Functional Plant Biol.

182

140

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Abstract. Plants are our major source of renewable biomass. Since cell walls represent some 50% of this biomass, they are major targets for biotechnology. Major drivers are their potential as a renewable source of energy as transport fuels (biofuels), functional foods to improve human health and as a source of raw materials to generate building blocks for industrial processes (biobased industries). To achieve sustainable development, we must optimise plant production and utilisation and this will require a complete understanding of wall structure and function at the molecular/biochemical level. This overview summarises the current state of knowledge in relation to the synthesis and assembly of the wall polysaccharides (i.e. the genes and gene families encoding the polysaccharide synthases and glycosyltransferases (GlyTs)), the predominant macromolecular components. We also touch on an exciting emerging role of the cell wall-plasma membrane-cytoskeleton continuum as a signal perception and transduction pathway allowing plant growth regulation in response to endogenous and exogenous cues.Additional keywords: cell wall-plasma membrane-cytoskeleton continuum, glycosyltransferase, polysaccharide structure and biosynthesis, synthase. Plant cell wallsA distinguishing feature of plant cells is the presence of a polysaccharide-rich wall. The wall encloses each cell while at the same time allowing the transfer of solutes and signalling molecules between cells via specific structures such as plasmodesmata (symplastic transport), or pores within the gellike matrix of the wall itself (apoplastic movement). Similar to the skeleton of animals, the plant wall is a key determinant of overall plant form, growth and development. In contrast to having a specialised skeletal system as occurs in animals, the shape and strength of plants rely on the properties of the wall. The wall also plays a significant role in plant defence and responses to environmental stresses. Plant walls are important not simply because they are integral to plant growth and development but also because they determine the quality of plant-based products. The texture, nutritional and processing properties of plant-based foods for human and animal consumption is heavily influenced by the characteristics of the wall. Fibre for textiles, pulp and paper manufacture, and timber products and increasingly for fuel and composite manufacture is largely composed of walls, or derived from them. Due to their relevance to these industries, the chemical structures of the constituent polymers (polysaccharides, (glyco) proteins, polyphenolics) and the biochemical processes involved in the synthesis, maturation and turnover of the wall have been the subjects of research for many years. This research is now intensifying with the prospect of using plant ligno-cellulosic biomass as a viable and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels in the production of transportation fuels. Advances are likely to occur through molecular biological and functional genomics approaches, including pu...

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Arabinogalactan protein and wall-associated kinase in a plasmalemmal reticulum with specialized vertices

Cited by 72 publications

References 60 publications

A novel wall-associated receptor-like protein kinase gene, OsWAK1, plays important roles in rice blast disease resistance

A novel wall-associated receptor-like protein kinase gene, OsWAK1, plays important roles in rice blast disease resistance

Gravity sensing, a largely misunderstood trigger of plant orientated growth

Plant cell walls: the skeleton of the plant world

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