Arc Flash Calculations for Exposures to DC Systems

Doan, Daniel R.

doi:10.1109/tia.2010.2070480

Cited by 81 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…This peak value suggests that the arc begins to quench when v gap is half of the system dc voltage and i gap half of the nominal load current. At this time, the arc absorbs half of the system voltage and carries half of the system current, which is one quarter of the pre-fault through power [13].…”

Section: B Maximum Power Transfermentioning

confidence: 99%

A DC Arc Model for Series Faults in Low Voltage Microgrids

Uriarte

Gattozzi

Herbst

et al. 2012

IEEE Trans. Smart Grid

120

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Abstract-This paper presents a dc arc fault model to simplify the study of a critical issue in dc microgrids: series faults. The model is derived from a hyperbolic approximation of observed arc voltage and current patterns, which permit analyzing the arc in terms of its resistance, power, energy, and quenching condition. Recent faults staged by the authors on a dc microgrid yielded enough fault data to develop an arc model. These faults were of three types: constant-gap speed, fixed-gap distance, and accelerated gap. The results in this paper compare experimental and simulation results for the three fault types. It is concluded that because the instantaneous voltage, current, power, and energy waveforms produced by the model agree well with experimental results, the model is suitable for transient simulations.

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Section: B Maximum Power Transfermentioning

confidence: 99%

A DC Arc Model for Series Faults in Low Voltage Microgrids

Uriarte

Gattozzi

Herbst

et al. 2012

IEEE Trans. Smart Grid

120

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“…In his recent paper on arc flash energy conversion of dc faults [6], Dan Doan developed the following formula for incident energy: The formula has been validated by several years of empirical measurements made of dc arcs [7].…”

Section: Converting DC Fault Current Into Incident Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

DC arc hazard mitigation design at a nuclear research facility

Mendenhall

2014

2014 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop

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Though potential arc heat and blast energy from dc sources may be significant, the risk assessment for exposure to dc energy sources is often not performed because the requirement to do so is not understood. Making the task of quantifying dc arc energies more intimidating is that the professional engineer often assumes liability for any errors or omissions that may result in injury -or worse. Compounding the issue even further is that the analysis work is often based on tools, methods, and verifications for dc arc heat and blast energies that are incomplete and immature.Explained here is one approach taken to perform an arc heat and blast analysis for a research facility, specifically a concentrated load supplied by eight 1MW SCR rectifiers regulating +/-300Vdc outputs to tightly arranged terminations at a load. During the course of the research, the connections were to be reconfigured, followed by a planned retuning of the regulated dc output using hand-held multimeters at the load terminations, without wearing PPE. After assessing the risk, the research engineers were easily convinced that a full analysis needed to be performed with risk mitigation design.Index Terms -arc flash analysis, dc arc, dc arc hazard, mitigation

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“…The calculation method, first presented in [6], [7], stems from the application of the maximwn power transfer theorem in DC circuits. Based on this theorem, the maximum power transfer occurs when the resistance of the arc, represented by the load Ra in Fig.…”

Section: DC Arc Flash In Photovoltalc Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are significant differences between the calculation of the maximum IE as described in [6], [7] and the calculation of the maximum IE in photovoltaic system as described in [8]. The impact of the difference between these two methods is evaluated in the following subsections.…”

Section: DC Arc Flash In Photovoltalc Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arc flash safety concerns for solar panels

Enrique

Zavanelli

Ashtiani

2014

2014 IEEE/IAS 50th Industrial &Amp; Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference

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The proliferation of solar panels used in industrial and commercial building is a reflection of the decreasing cost of the photovoltaic modules and the increasing interest in renewable energy sources. The wide spread use of photovoltaic systems increases the risk of exposure to safety hazards that are inherently associated to nonlinear power sources. It is a well known fact that the standard protection devices are inefficient in detecting short circuit faults in photovoltaic systems. In addition, it is now recognized that the maximum incident energy deployed by a DC arc flash in a photovoltaic system is higher, and in many instances significantly higher, than those estimated by using the guidelines given by the NFPA 70E and the CSA Z462-12 standards. Use of the existing guidelines can result in personnel being exposed to much higher safety risks than previously thought. These safety hazards are described in this paper.

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Arc Flash Calculations for Exposures to DC Systems

Cited by 81 publications

References 4 publications

A DC Arc Model for Series Faults in Low Voltage Microgrids

A DC Arc Model for Series Faults in Low Voltage Microgrids

DC arc hazard mitigation design at a nuclear research facility

Arc flash safety concerns for solar panels

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