Are Cape Peninsula baboons raiding their way to obesity and type II diabetes? - a comparative study

Leith, David; Mpofu, Buhlebethu Sukoluhle; Velden, Julia Van; Reed, Cecile; Boom, Kathryn; Breed, Dorothy; Kohn, Tertius Abraham

doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110794

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Such a diet raises questions about long-term health consequences, especially since maize availability is increasing at the western border as farmers recently began to cultivate and harvest it year-round (Krief personal comment). In some extreme cases, the consumption of items with a high energetic value, such as crops, could lead to physiologic consequences, such as earlier sexual maturity; increased fatness and body mass [ 124 ]; and pathologic developments, such as obesity and/or diabetes [ 125 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

All-You-Can-Eat: Influence of Proximity to Maize Gardens on the Wild Diet and the Forest Activities of the Sebitoli Chimpanzee Community in Kibale National Park

Couturier

Bortolamiol

Ortmann

et al. 2022

Animals

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Frugivorous primates have developed several strategies to deal with wild fruit scarcity, such as modifying their activity budget or enlarging their diet. Agricultural expansion threatens primate habitats and populations (e.g., disease transmission, agrochemical exposure), but it also increases crop feeding opportunities. We aimed at understanding whether maize presence close to the natural habitat of chimpanzees, a threatened species, would lead to significant behavioral modifications. We monitored 20 chimpanzees over 37 months in Kibale National Park, Uganda, with maize gardens at the forest edge. Based on focal nest-to-nest data, we analyzed their diet, activity budget, and energy balance depending on wild fruit and maize availability. We found that the Sebitoli area is a highly nutritive habitat for chimpanzees, with large and caloric wild fruits available all year long. The chimpanzees opportunistically consume maize and exploit it by resting less during maize season. However, no significant variation was found in daily paths and energy expenditures according to maize availability. No behavioral or energy modification was observed regarding wild resources either. Despite the availability of nutritious domestic resources, chimpanzees still exploit wild fruits and do not limit their movements. Thus, their contribution to seed dispersal and forest regeneration in this area is not affected.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

All-You-Can-Eat: Influence of Proximity to Maize Gardens on the Wild Diet and the Forest Activities of the Sebitoli Chimpanzee Community in Kibale National Park

Couturier

Bortolamiol

Ortmann

et al. 2022

Animals

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“…better running economy) improve running performance (Hoogkamer et al, 2016;Jones, 2006). The finding that slow fibres benefit running economy and the observation that human muscles contain more slow fibres than the muscles of most other animals (Curry et al, 2012;Eng et al, 2008;Kohn, 2014;Leith et al, 2020;O'Neill et al, 2017) further supports the role of endurance running performance in human evolution (Bramble & Lieberman, 2004). Indeed, there might have been a selective pressure favouring larger ratios of slow fibres, improving endurance running performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Muscle fibre typology affects whole‐body metabolic rate during isolated muscle contractions and human locomotion

Swinnen,

Lievens,

Hoogkamer

et al. 2024

The Journal of Physiology

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The wide variation in muscle fibre type distribution across individuals, along with the very different energy consumption rates in slow versus fast muscle fibres, suggests that muscle fibre typology contributes to inter‐individual differences in metabolic rate during exercise. However, this has been hard to demonstrate due to the gap between a single muscle fibre and full‐body exercises. We investigated the isolated effect of triceps surae muscle contraction velocity on whole‐body metabolic rate during cyclic contractions in individuals a priori selected for their predominantly slow (n = 11) or fast (n = 10) muscle fibre typology by means of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐MRS). Subsequently, we examined their whole‐body metabolic rate during walking and running at 2 m/s, exercises with comparable metabolic rates but distinct triceps surae muscle force and velocity demands (walking: low force, high velocity; running: high force, low velocity). Increasing triceps surae contraction velocity during cyclic contractions elevated net whole‐body metabolic rate for both typology groups. However, the slow group consumed substantially less net metabolic energy at the slowest contraction velocity, but the metabolic difference between groups diminished at faster velocities. Consistent with the more economic force production during slow contractions, the slow group exhibited lower metabolic rates than the fast group while running, whereas metabolic rates were similar during walking. These findings provide important insights into the influence of muscle fibre typology on whole‐body metabolic rate and emphasize the importance of considering muscle mechanical demands to understand muscle fibre typology related differences in whole‐body metabolic rates. imageKey points Muscle fibre typology is often suggested to affect whole‐body metabolic rate, yet convincing in vivo evidence is lacking. Using isolated plantar flexor muscle contractions in individuals a priori selected for their predominantly slow or fast muscle fibre typology, we demonstrated that having predominantly slow muscle fibres provides a metabolic advantage during slow muscle contractions, but this benefit disappeared at faster contractions. We extended these results to full‐body exercises, where we demonstrated that higher proportions of slow fibres associated with better economy during running but not when walking. These findings provide important insights into the influence of muscle fibre typology on whole‐body metabolic rate and emphasize the importance of considering muscle mechanical demands to understand muscle fibre typology related differences in whole‐body metabolic rate.

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“…However, urban and crop foraging is a risky foraging strategy, typically characterized by increased activity levels when ranging in human‐altered environments (Fehlmann, O'Riain, Kerr‐Smith, Hailes, et al, 2017; Walton et al, 2021), increased stress levels (Chowdhury et al, 2020), and high risks of injuries or death (Beamish, 2009). Urban foraging baboons also experience high risks of disease transmission to and from pets (Drewe et al, 2012), and physiological pathologies such as diabetes because of the high sugar content of the available food item (Leith et al, 2020). Urban and crop foraging therefore questions baboons' welfare; increased survival and reproduction rates but more injuries and lower physiological states, increased grooming time but fewer troop cohesion (Bracken et al, 2022), more frequent aggression and higher stress levels (Chowdhury et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using behavioral studies to adapt management decisions and reduce negative interactions between humans and baboons in Cape Town, South Africa

Fehlmann

O’Riain

Kerr‐Smith

et al. 2023

Conservat Sci and Prac

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Understanding the behavioral ecology of wildlife that experiences negative interactions with humans and the outcome of any wildlife management intervention is essential. In the Cape Peninsula, South Africa, chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) search for anthropogenic food sources in both urban and agricultural areas. In response, the city of Cape Town and private farmers employ "rangers" to keep baboons within the Table Mountain National Park. In this study, we investigated the success of rangers' intervention in keeping baboons in their natural habitat. Based on our findings in year one, we recommended adjustments to the rangers' management strategy in year two. We recommended improved consensus of actions toward baboons (that is, when/where to herd them), and the construction of a baboon-proof fence around one of the farms that provided a corridor to urban areas. During the 2 months following recommendations, these interventions combined resulted in a significant reduction in the time baboons spent in both urban and agricultural land. Our case study illustrates the importance of integrating research findings into ongoing management actions to improve both human livelihoods and baboon conservation through an adaptive management framework. We expect similar approaches to be beneficial in a wide range of species and contexts. This article should prove useful to conservation practitioners and researchers, researchers in behavioral ecology with an interest in conservation, as well as management agencies.

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Are Cape Peninsula baboons raiding their way to obesity and type II diabetes? - a comparative study

Cited by 5 publications

References 38 publications

All-You-Can-Eat: Influence of Proximity to Maize Gardens on the Wild Diet and the Forest Activities of the Sebitoli Chimpanzee Community in Kibale National Park

All-You-Can-Eat: Influence of Proximity to Maize Gardens on the Wild Diet and the Forest Activities of the Sebitoli Chimpanzee Community in Kibale National Park

Muscle fibre typology affects whole‐body metabolic rate during isolated muscle contractions and human locomotion

Using behavioral studies to adapt management decisions and reduce negative interactions between humans and baboons in Cape Town, South Africa

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