Are European Union sanctions “targeted”?

Portela, Clara

doi:10.1080/09557571.2016.1231660

Cited by 34 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…La ruptura de relaciones con Maduro y el reconocimiento de la oposición como único interlocutor legítimo contrasta con el diálogo regular que sostiene la UE con el gobierno cubano que, desde la firma del ADPC, se ha perfilado como principal interlocutor de Bruselas. Sin duda, la injerencia en asuntos internos en el caso venezolano representa un giro importante en la trayectoria de la UE como emisor de sanciones con «objetivos normativos» (Portela, 2016).…”

Section: Iii22 Objetivos Y Motivaciones: ¿Derechos Humanos O Cambiunclassified

“…UU., las medidas de coerción de la UE son siempre políticas o diplomáticas y no pueden incluir la amenaza militar (Dreyer y Luengo-Cabrera, 2015, p. 9), ya que carece de una fuerza de intervención colectiva.En 2020 Venezuela fue el único país latinoamericano donde la UE aplicó sanciones. Las medidas de coerción «blanda» de la Posición Común de la UE sobre Cuba terminaron, aunque potencialmente persiste la condicionalidad democrática como amenaza de retirar ayuda o preferencias comerciales(Portela, 2016). El trato diferente a Cuba y Venezuela marca una importante divergencia con EE.…”

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Sanciones como instrumento de coerción: ¿cuán similares son las políticas de Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea hacia Venezuela?

Gratius

Pozo

2020

Am. Lat. Hoy. Rev. Cienc. Soc.

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RESUMEN: Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea reconocieron a Juan Guaidó como presidente interino de Venezuela, al tiempo que incrementaban las sanciones hacia el gobierno de Nicolás Maduro para que convocara elecciones e iniciara una transición democrática. Partiendo de la hipótesis de que los objetivos e instrumentos de ambos actores hacia Venezuela no son idénticos, este artículo analiza las semejanzas y diferencias en sus políticas, teniendo en cuenta el antecedente del caso cubano y la literatura sobre sanciones.

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Section: Iii22 Objetivos Y Motivaciones: ¿Derechos Humanos O Cambiunclassified

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Sanciones como instrumento de coerción: ¿cuán similares son las políticas de Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea hacia Venezuela?

Gratius

Pozo

2020

Am. Lat. Hoy. Rev. Cienc. Soc.

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“…58 Sanctions affected people’s standard of living and violated their rights to education, health and development. 77 , 84 , 85 …”

Section: Part 1) Iranian’s Enjoyment Of Their Rights In Sanctions’ Pementioning

confidence: 99%

“… 62 Economic sanctions decreased the revenues of Iran’s government and its ability to invest on health, education and social security of Iranians. 84 , 85 Also, they forced the government to change the priorities of national investment from certain public responsibilities, such as supporting the poor. 65 Therefore, the share of people of health services costs increased that adversely affected access to healthcare.…”

Section: Part 1) Iranian’s Enjoyment Of Their Rights In Sanctions’ Pementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The poor paid bigger proportion of their income on healthcare. 76 , 84 , 85 In 2013, Iran enacted a law to reform heath system; one part of this law requires the government to cover at least 90% of hospital services’ costs by public funds. 84 , 115 But still every year 1% of the population fall below poverty line due to catastrophic health expenditures.…”

Section: Part 1) Iranian’s Enjoyment Of Their Rights In Sanctions’ Pementioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of the Effects of Economic Sanctions on Iranians’ Right to Health by Using Human Rights Impact Assessment Tool: A Systematic Review

Kokabisaghi

2018

Int J Health Policy Manag

109

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Background: Over the years, economic sanctions have contributed to violation of right to health in target countries. Iran has been under comprehensive unilateral economic sanctions by groups of countries (not United Nations [UN]) in recent years. They have been intensified from 2012 because of international community’s uncertainty about peaceful purpose of Iran’s nuclear program and inadequacy of trust-building actions of this country. This review aimed to identify the humanitarian effects of the sanctions on the right of Iranians to health and the obligations of Iran and international community about it. Methods: To assess economic sanction policies and identify violated rights and the obligations of states according to international human rights laws, in this study, Human Rights Impact Assessments (HRIA) tool is used. Applying this tool requires collection of evidences regarding the situation of rights. To provide such evidence, a systematic review of literature which involved 55 papers retrieved from the web-based databases and official webpages of Iran’s government and UN’ health and human rights committees and organizations was done. All articles about the consequences of economic sanctions related to nuclear activities of Iran on welfare and health of Iranians published from January 2012 till February 2017 in English and Persian languages were included. Search terms were economic sanctions, embargoes, Iran, welfare, health and medicine. Additional studies were identified by cross checking the reference lists of accessed articles. All selected papers were abstracted and entered into a matrix describing study design and findings, and categorized into a framework of themes reflecting the areas covered (health and its determinants). According to HRIA framework, related obligations of Iran and other states about adverse effects of the sanctions on Iranians’ right to health were extracted. Results: The sanctions on Iran caused a fall of country’s revenues, devaluation of national currency, and increase of inflation and unemployment. These all resulted in deterioration of people’s overall welfare and lowering their ability to access the necessities of a standard life such as nutritious food, healthcare and medicine. Also, the sanctions on banking, financial system and shipment led to scarcity of quality lifesaving medicines. The impacts of sanctions were more immense on the lives of the poor, patients, women and children. Humanitarian exemptions did not protect Iranians from the adverse effects of sanctions. Conclusion: Countries which imposed economic sanctions against Iran have violated Iranians’ right to health. International community should have predicted any probable humanitarian effects of sanctions and used any necessary means to prevent it. Furthermore, Iran should have used any essential means to protect people from the adverse effects of sanctions. Now, they should work on alleviation of the negative effects of sanctions. Even though, some of the effects such as disability and death cannot be compen...

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