“…In the literature, most of the relevant research has been conducted on destinations that are widely preferred such as mass tourist locations but which are less competitive than alternative tourism examples (Benedetti, 2000;Dragi cevi c et al, 2009;Hallman et al, 2014;Zhou et al, 2015;Reisinger et al, 2018;Gupta and Singh, 2019;Dodds and Holmes, 2020;Mili cevi c et al, 2020;Marasigan and Borbon, 2021). In addition, it has been observed that only tourists (Chen et al, 2011(Chen et al, , 2016Hallman et al, 2014;Wong, 2018;Mili cevi c et al, 2020;Bire et al, 2021) or stakeholders (Enright and Newton, 2004;Lee and King, 2008;Armenski et al, 2012Armenski et al, , 2017Goffi and Cucculelli, 2012;Kvasnov a et al, 2019;Marasigan and Borbon, 2021) are preferred as the population in the majority of studies conducted on destination competitiveness. This reveals that there is a need for a comparative and holistic study on the competitiveness of tourism destinations with limited and unique tourism products in the form of alternative tourism.…”