Are There Fewer Parasitoids in the Tropics?

Hespenheide, Henry A.

doi:10.1086/283434

Cited by 38 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Adding new sites or localities that are immediately connected to standardized molecular diversity estimates (such as the School Malaise Trap Program described by Steinke et al 2017) would likely provide a formidable addition to such a strategy. Latitudinal trends in diversity for parasitoids have previously shown multiple patterns including declines in diversity with latitude (Hespenheide 1979;Noyes 1989a;Gaston and Gauld 1993;Gaston 2000), mid-latitude peaks (Owen and Owen 1974;Janzen and Pond 1975;Janzen 1981;Quicke and Kruft 1995;Skillen et al 2000), and the absence of any cline (Veijalainen et al 2012). Our estimates of these macroecological patterns used publicly available records to create DNA-based diversity estimates based upon specimens collected using standardized methods.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of parasitoid and parasitic wasps across a latitudinal gradient: Using public DNA records to work within a taxonomic impediment

Eagalle

Smith

2017

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The diversity of insect parasitoids (Hymenoptera) has long been thought to be anomalous because it doesn't appear to increase rapidly with decreasing latitude. However, due to the presence of undiscovered cryptic species and the under-sampling of hyper-diverse tropical areas, such apparently anomalous gradients may, in fact, be artifacts of limited geographic and taxonomic sampling. We attempted to circumvent such taxonomic impediments by elucidating a diversity/latitude relationship for parasitoid wasps, using publicly available DNA sequences to quantify diversity (via a species proxy molecular operational taxonomic unit (the DNA Barcode Index Number) and phylogenetic diversity) across a latitudinal gradient of ∼5000 km. We compared these diversity values to the abiotic factors (temperature and precipitation) that may drive the diversity/latitude relationship. We found no significant relationship between either diversity measure with latitude or with the environmental variables. Although ours is the first work to enumerate different DNA-based measures of parasitoid diversity across this geographic scale in a standardized fashion using publicly available sequences, further standardized collections over long time periods and a rapid movement of sequences into the public arena are needed to facilitate the further testing of macroecological trends elucidated with public DNA sequence libraries.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of parasitoid and parasitic wasps across a latitudinal gradient: Using public DNA records to work within a taxonomic impediment

Eagalle

Smith

2017

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“…However, it is known that the sweep method used in Uluguru is much more destructive to small specimens than vacuum sampling (during the study period no vacuum sampler was available in Tanzania). All the abovementioned arthropods are small and mostly soft-bodied, therefore they are often destroyed by the sweep method, which is notoriously selective in favour of larger insects (Hespenheide, 1979). For further discussion of restrictions in the sweep method, see e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonality and Structure of the Arthropod Community in a Forested Valley in the Uluguru Mountains, Eastern Tanzania

Nummelin

Nshubemuki

1998

Journal of East African Natural History

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“…The species diversity of and abundance of parasitoids attacking herbivore insects have been reported to show exceptional latitudinal patterns; i.e., they are more diversified and the parasitism rate is higher in the temperate regions compared to the tropics (Owen and Owen 1974;Hespendeide 1978;Hawkins et al 1997;Hawkins 1994). However, it is still poorly understood why they show such patterns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altitudinal patterns of abundances and parasitism in frugivorous drosophilids in west Java, Indonesia

Kimura

Suwito

2015

Journal of Natural History

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2Abundances and parasitism rates of frugivorous drosophilid flies were studied in three localities at altitudes of 250-1350 m in and near Bogor, Indonesia. The drosophilid and parasitoid species were classified into four groups, low-altitude species, high-altitude species, species abundant at a mid-altitude location, and species occurring rather evenly from low to high locations. The ananassae and immigrans species groups were major drosophilids collected. All species of the ananassae species group were more abundant at lower altitudes, and the parasitism rate in this species group decreased with increasing altitude. Thus, the host abundance seems to affect the parasitism rate. On the other hand, the rate of parasitism in the immigrans species group showed no apparent relation with altitude or density, possibly due to that species of this species group varied in altitudinal distribution. It is also suggested that the diversity of drosophilid species affects the composition of parasitoid species.Keywords: abundance; altitude; frugivorous drosophilids; Indonesia; parasitoids; tropics. 3 IntroductionThe species diversity of and abundance of parasitoids attacking herbivore insects have been reported to show exceptional latitudinal patterns; i.e., they are more diversified and the parasitism rate is higher in the temperate regions compared to the tropics (Owen and Owen 1974;Hespendeide 1978;Hawkins et al. 1997;Hawkins 1994). However, it is still poorly understood why they show such patterns. To address this issue, studies on on the patterns along with other environmental gradients or in non-herbivorous insects could provide some clues. Péré et al. (2013) suggested in their meta-analyses that both parasitism rates and parasitoid species richness decreased with increasing elevation. In our previous studies on parasitoids attacking frugivorous drosophilids, on the other hand, the species diversity did not so much differ between the tropical, subtropical and temperate regions, and the parasitism rate was much higher in the tropics compared to the subtropical and temperate regions (Mitsui and Kimura 2010;Novković et al. 2012;Kimura and Suwito 2012). On the other hand, no information is available on the altitudinal pattern of parasitism in drosophilid flies, although a number of references have been published on the altitudinal distributions and temperature adaptations of drosophilid flies in the temperate regions (Kimura et al. 1978;Bächli 1979;Bächli & Burla 1992;Beppu et al. 1996;Mitsui et al. 2010). High-altitude temperate Drosophila species are usually heat-susceptible and are assumed to suffer high mortality in summer if they occur at low altitudes (Kimura et al. 1994;Beppu et al. 1996). In addition, some temperate species perform seasonal migration between low and high altitudes to avoid summer heat at low altitudes (Kimura and Beppu 1993;Beppu et al. 1996; Mitsui et al. 4 2010). In the tropics, however, there are few studies on the altitudinal distributions of drosophilid flies except for fragmental reports on...

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Are There Fewer Parasitoids in the Tropics?

Cited by 38 publications

References 7 publications

Diversity of parasitoid and parasitic wasps across a latitudinal gradient: Using public DNA records to work within a taxonomic impediment

Diversity of parasitoid and parasitic wasps across a latitudinal gradient: Using public DNA records to work within a taxonomic impediment

Seasonality and Structure of the Arthropod Community in a Forested Valley in the Uluguru Mountains, Eastern Tanzania

Altitudinal patterns of abundances and parasitism in frugivorous drosophilids in west Java, Indonesia

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