Arterial Blood Supply to the Spinal Cord in Animal Models of Spinal Cord Injury. A Review

Mazensky, David; Flešárová, Slávka; Šulla, I

doi:10.1002/ar.23694

Cited by 57 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Rabbit, with its medium size and homosegmental blood supply to the spinal cord, is an ideal animal for selective spinal cord anesthetic delivery [10][11][12]. With the catheter inserted into the descending aorta, isoflurane and sevoflurane emulsion were able to be preferentially delivered to the thoracolumbar (below T 3 ) region of the spinal cord.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rabbits have a unique spinal cord circulation in that each spinal cord segment is supplied by a single corresponding radicular artery arising from the aorta [8,9]. In addition, the blood supply to the thoracolumbar region (below T 3 ) of spinal cord originates from the thoracic and abdominal aorta in the rabbit [10][11][12]. Volatile anesthetics can be dissolved in an emulsifiying agent, which produces anesthesia as effectively as a vaporized and inhaled one [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a simple method for differential delivery of volatile anesthetics to the spinal cord of the rabbit

Zhang

2020

PLoS ONE

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Emulsified volatile anesthetic can be directly injected into the circulation and eliminated from blood through lungs. Taking advantage of the unique pharmacokinetics of the emulsified volatile anesthetics, we aimed to develop a less traumatic method to differentially deliver them to the spinal cord of rabbit. Sixteen New Zealand White rabbits were randomly assigned to the isoflurane or sevoflurane group. A catheter was placed into the descending aorta, and emulsified isoflurane (8mg/kg/h) or sevoflurane (12mg/kg/h) was given respectively. The concentration and partial pressure of the anesthetics in the jugular and femoral vein were measured. Our results showed that the partial pressure for isoflurane was 3.91 ±1.11 mmHg and 12.61±1.60 mmHg (1.0MAC), and for sevoflurane was 3.89±1.00 mmHg and 19.92±1.84mmHg (1.0MAC), in the jugular vein and femoral vein, respectively. There was significant difference between jugular and femoral vein partial pressure for both isoflurane and sevoflurane groups (both P < 0.001). In conclusion, a simple and minimally invasive method has been successfully developed to selectively deliver isoflurane and sevoflurane to the spinal cord in the rabbit. Before the anesthetics taking action on the brain, 69% of isoflurane and 81% of sevoflurane were removed through lungs. This method can be used to investigate sites and mechanisms of volatile anesthetic action.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a simple method for differential delivery of volatile anesthetics to the spinal cord of the rabbit

Zhang

2020

PLoS ONE

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“…The rabbit, with its medium size and homosegmental blood supply to the spinal cord, make it an ideal animal for selectively anaesthetized models [10–12]. Due to the catheter inserted into the descending aorta, isoflurane and sevoflurane emulsion were able to be preferentially delivered to the thoracolumbar (below T 4 ) region of the spinal cord.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rabbits have a unique spinal cord circulation in that each spinal cord segment is supplied by a single corresponding radicular artery arising from aorta[8, 9]. In addition, the blood supply to the thoracolumbar region (below T3) of spinal cord originate from the thoracic and abdominal aorta in the rabbit [10–12]. Emulsified volatile anaesthetic is that liquid anaesthetic dissolves in an emulsion and produces anaesthesia as effectively as liquid one [13, 14].…”

Section: Inductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a simple method for differential delivery of volatile anaesthetics to the spinal cord of the rabbit

Zhang

2019

Preprint

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20 Emulsified volatile anaesthetics can be easily injected into the circulation and 21 eliminated from blood to lungs. Taking advantage of this unique pharmacokinetics, 22 we aimed to develop a less trauma model for preferential delivery of volatile 23 anaesthetics to the spinal cord with an intact CNS and circulatory system in the rabbit.24 Sixteen New Zealand White rabbits were randomly assigned to the isoflurane and 25 sevoflurane group. A catheter for delivering emulsified isoflurane (8mg/kg/h) or 26 sevoflurane (12mg/kg/h) to the spinal cord was placed into the descending aorta in all 27 rabbits. The concentration and partial pressure of isoflurane and sevoflurane in the 28 jugular and femoral vein were measured. Our results showed that the partial pressure 29 of isoflurane was 3.91±1.11 mmHg in the jugular vein and 12.61±1.60 mmHg 30 (1.0MAC) in the femoral vein. The partial pressure of sevoflurane was 3.89±1.00 31 mmHg in the jugular vein and 19.92±1.84mmHg (1.0MAC) in the femoral vein.32 There was significant difference regarding the partial pressure of isoflurane and 33 sevoflurane between jugular and femoral veins in two groups (both P<0.001). In 34 conclusion, a simple method has been successfully developed to selectively deliver 35 isoflurane and sevoflurane to the spinal cord in the rabbit. Before acting on the brain, 36 69% isoflurane and 81% sevoflurane were removed from body via lungs. This method 37 can be used to investigate the pharmacological properties of volatile anesthetics. 38 39 3 40 Induction 41 Volatile anaesthetics can induce a variety of reversible, clinically important effects 42 such as amnesia, hypnosis and immobility[1, 2]. To determine if an effect is due to 43 brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves or both, we need a differential anaesthetic 44 delivery model[3, 4]. To solve this problem, previous researches have introduced 45 several selectively anaesthetized models in the goat, dog and rabbit, using 46 cardiopulmonary bypass technology [5-7] But, these models limited by the severe 47 trauma which could destroy the physiological structure of the cerebral and spinal cord 48 circulation of experimental animals. 49Rabbits have a unique spinal cord circulation in that each spinal cord segment is 50 supplied by a single corresponding radicular artery arising from aorta [8, 9].In 51 addition, the blood supply to the thoracolumbar region (below T 3 ) of spinal cord 52 originate from the thoracic and abdominal aorta in the rabbit [10][11][12]. Emulsified 53 volatile anaesthetic is that liquid anaesthetic dissolves in an emulsion and produces 54 anaesthesia as effectively as liquid one [13, 14]. What's important is that, emulsified 55 volatile anaesthetic can be directly injected into the circulation as same as intravenous 56 drugs and eliminated via the lungs [15, 16]. Based on these findings, we aimed to 57 establish a less trauma model for differential delivery of volatile anaesthetics 58 (isoflurane and sevoflurane) to the spinal cord with an intact CNS and circulatory 59 system in t...

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“…The compression of radicular artery at any point may result in ischaemia of the nerve root. The blood flow in CE continues via their arborized venules and radicular veins to the right and left vertebral sinuses (Fletcher 2013;Mazensky et al 2017).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cauda equina syndrome in dogs - a review

et al. 2018

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A lesion of sacrococcygeal spinal nerve roots forming a structure that resembles a horse's tail results in the development of clinical entity identified as the cauda equina syndrome (CES). The disease can evolve slowly and symptomatology can be incomplete, but the fully developed CES is characterized by pain and altered sensation in the pelvic extremities, tail, perianogenital region, paresis or plegia of hind limbs, incontinence and impotence. Major causes of CES in dogs are degenerative changes of the lumbosacral vertebral column, haematoma, inflammation, neoplasm or trauma. The diagnosis is based on history, clinical presentation, neurological symptomatology, spinal röntgenography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. In animals experiencing initial episodes of CES, conservative therapy can be attempted. But the only rational treatment of patients with severe neurological deficit is surgical decompression of the neural structures. The outcome depends on the underlying aetiology and the degree of sensory, motor and autonomic dysfunction. Canine and porcine experimental models mimicking the CES showed the involvement of intrinsic spinal cord structures. This points out the need for an early diagnosis followed by aggressive management before irreversible neuronal lesions develop. The search strategy involved the PubMed, Medline, Embase and ISI Web of Science from January 2000 to August 2017 using the terms 'cauda equina syndrome' and 'lumbosacral stenosis' in the English language literature; also references from selected papers were scanned and relevant articles included.

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Arterial Blood Supply to the Spinal Cord in Animal Models of Spinal Cord Injury. A Review

Cited by 57 publications

References 76 publications

Development of a simple method for differential delivery of volatile anesthetics to the spinal cord of the rabbit

Development of a simple method for differential delivery of volatile anesthetics to the spinal cord of the rabbit

Development of a simple method for differential delivery of volatile anaesthetics to the spinal cord of the rabbit

Cauda equina syndrome in dogs - a review

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